類似する名詞の違い

• 15 類似する名詞の違い

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  15.1

  彼此 vs. 对方 — "each other" vs. "the other party"

  Both can translate as "each other," but they pull in different directions. each other彼此bǐ cǐ is reciprocal — "one another, both sides, mutually" — and can sit right before a verb like each other互相hù xiāng (each other彼此bǐ cǐto trust信任xìn rèn = "trust each other"). the other person对方duì fāng points to the other specific party — the single counterpart facing you — and can't go before a verb that way. each other彼此bǐ cǐ may follow you (plural)你们nǐ men / we / us我们wǒ men / everyone大家dà jiā; the other person对方duì fāng cannot. どちらも「each other」とJapanese variant of 译訳yìせますが、ニュアンスはdifferent異yìなります。each other彼此bǐ cǐ は each other相互xiāng hùの（reciprocal） — 「mutual互hùいに、Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāng、each other相互xiāng hùに」— verb动词dòng cías如rú each other互相hù xiāng before之前zhī qiáncan / may可以kě yǐdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto use使用shǐ yòng（each other彼此bǐ cǐto trust信任xìn rèn = "trust each other"）。the other person对方duì fāng は special特定tè dìngの相手xiāng shǒuのlean on one side側cèをfinger指zhǐします — あなたとtowards向xiàngかいvariant of 合合héうJapanese variant of 单単dānone / a一yīの相手xiāng shǒu — このようにverb動詞dòng cíのfront前qiánにto install置zhìくことはできません。each other彼此bǐ cǐ the back后面hòu miàncan / may可以kě yǐto receive接jiē you (plural)你们nǐ men / we / us我们wǒ men / everyone大家dà jiā；the other person对方duì fāng (literary) (conjunction…则zécannot不能bù néng。

  構文gòu wén： 彼此 + Verb · 对方 + Noun (= the other side)

  we我们wǒ menshould应该yīng gāieach other彼此bǐ cǐtrust信任xìn rèn。

  We should trust each other.

  you你nǐshould要yàolisten to听听tīng tingthe other side's对方duì fāng的deview意见yì jiàn。

  You should hear the other side's view. → 相手xiāng shǒuのposition立場lì chǎngもto hear聞wénいてみてください。

  Remember: each other彼此bǐ cǐ = reciprocal "each other" (works before a verb, like each other互相hù xiāng: each other彼此bǐ cǐto trust信任xìn rèn); the other person对方duì fāng = the one SPECIFIC counterpart ("the other side": the other person对方duì fāng(modifier / structural particle)的deidea意见yì jiàn). each other彼此bǐ cǐ = mutual flow both ways; the other person对方duì fāng = the person across the table. Japanese variant of 觉覚juéえよう： each other彼此bǐ cǐ = each other相互xiāng hùの「each other」（动詞dòng cífront前qiánでもto make使shǐえる：for example比如bǐ rú each other互相hù xiāng，each other彼此bǐ cǐto trust信任xìn rèn）；the other person对方duì fāng = special特定tè dìngの相手xiāng shǒu（"the other side"：the other person对方duì fāng(modifier / structural particle)的deidea意见yì jiàn）。 each other彼此bǐ cǐ = bilateral双方shuāng fāngtowards向xiàngのeach other相互xiāng hùvariant of 关関guānto connect係xì；the other person对方duì fāng = towards向xiàngかいlean on one side側cèのperson人物rén wù。

  Watch out

  • the other person对方duì fāng is a noun (the other party) — it can't sit before a verb the way each other彼此bǐ cǐ / each other互相hù xiāng do. - the other person对方duì fāng は noun名詞míng cí（the other party）です。each other彼此bǐ cǐ / each other互相hù xiāng のようにverb動詞dòng cíのfront前qiánにto install置zhìくことはできません。

  15.2

  人家 vs. 别人 — "others / them" vs. "other people"

  Both refer to people other than the speaker, but other people别人bié rén is the neutral one — "other people, someone else." other people人家rén jiā is colloquial and often specific or emotionally coloured: it can mean "they / that person (you know who)," and even a coy "I / me." In plain "other people" sentences the two are interchangeable; only other people人家rén jiā carries the extra coloured uses. どちらも話者huà zhěapart from以外yǐ wàiの(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěをfinger指zhǐしますが、other people别人bié rén はneutral中立zhōng lì(modifier / structural particle)的deで、「other people, someone else（he / him他tāのperson人rén、who誰shuíか）」というmeaning意味yì wèiです。other people人家rén jiā はcolloquial speech口語kǒu yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的deであり、often specific or emotionally coloured（concrete具体jù tǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deまたはemotion感情gǎn qíng(modifier / structural particle)的deなニュアンスをto keep in the mouth含hánむ） です。「they / that person (you know who)（あのperson人rénたち／あのperson人rénはto know知zhīってるでしょう）」というmeaning意味yì wèialso也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto be / is是shìeven甚至shèn zhì含羞hán xiūto answer答应dā yìng(modifier / structural particle)的de“I / me我wǒ/personal私sī”。at / in在zàisimple简单jiǎn dān(modifier / structural particle)的de“其他人qí tā rén”sentence句子jù zito hit (the mark)中zhōngboth sides两者liǎng zhěused in 可汗可kěto exchange互换hù huàn；only have ...只有zhǐ yǒu other people人家rén jiā to have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuextra额外é wài(modifier / structural particle)的deemotion感情gǎn qíngtint色彩sè cǎiusage用法yòng fǎ。

  構文gòu wén： 别人 + … (neutral) · 人家 + … (colloquial, often specific / coy)

  other people's别人bié rén的debusiness事shìyou你nǐdon't别biémeddle in管guǎn。

  Don't meddle in other people's business. → another person他人tā rénのaffair事情shì qíngにmouth口kǒuをvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūさないでください。

  they've人家rén jiaalready都dōustopped不bùpaying attention to理lǐyou你nǐ了leand you，你nǐstill还háikeep talking说shuō。

  They've already stopped paying you any attention, and you keep on. → that彼bǐらはもうあなたに関心guān xīnをto show示shìさなくなっているのに、あなたはto continue继续jì xùto carry out进行jìn xíng。

  Remember: other people别人bié rén = neutral "other people"; other people人家rén jiā = colloquial & often SPECIFIC or charged ("they / that person — you know who," even a coy "me"). other people别人bié rén(modifier / structural particle)的dematter事shì (anyone's business) vs other people人家rén jiāall / both都dōuto refuse to acknowledge不理bù lǐyou你nǐ(completed / change)了le (they — pointedly — ignore you). other people人家rén jiā carries feeling; other people别人bié rén doesn't. Japanese variant of 觉覚juéえよう： other people别人bié rén = neutral中立zhōng lì(modifier / structural particle)的de「other people」；other people人家rén jiā = colloquial speech口語kǒu yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的deand且qiěoften SPECIFIC or charged（"they / that person — you know who"，even a coy "me"）。 other people别人bié rén(modifier / structural particle)的dematter事shì（any任意rèn yìanother person他人tā rén(modifier / structural particle)的deaffair事情shì qíng）vs other people人家rén jiāall / both都dōuto refuse to acknowledge不理bù lǐyou你nǐ(completed / change)了le（they — pointedly — ignore you）。other people人家rén jiā to contain包含bāo hánemotion感情gǎn qíng；other people别人bié rén not不bùto contain包含bāo hán。

  Watch out

  • other people人家rén jiā can mean a coy "I / me" (other people人家rén jiādon't不要bú yào(obviously)嘛ma, "I don't want to") — other people别人bié rén never can. - other people人家rén jiā can / may可以kě yǐone's conduct作为zuò wéishy羞涩xiū sè(modifier / structural particle)的de“I / me”（other people人家rén jiādon't不要bú yào(obviously)嘛ma，“I / me我wǒunexpectedly不想bù xiǎng”）— other people别人bié rén absolute绝对jué duìcannot不能bù néngthis way / so这样zhè yàngto use / with用yòng。

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