接続詞

• 5 接続詞

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  English

  Original teaching practice. Read one pattern, cover its model and try the questions before checking the separate answer section. Examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA) retain the course-reference provenance.

  but不过bú guò (a softer “but”)

  Good, with one small problem

  • A friend asks about the hotel you stayed in. It was clean and friendly, but noisy at night.
  • room房间fáng jiāndegree / adjective linker很hěnclean干净gān jìng，but不过bú guòevening晚上wǎn shàngslightly有点儿yǒu diǎn érto quarrel吵chǎo。 — "The room was clean, though it was a bit noisy at night."

  A，but不过bú guò B = but, though (softer)

  • but不过bú guò introduces a contrast or a small reservation, more gently than but但是dàn shì.
  • It starts the second clause: I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，but不过bú guòtoday今天jīn tiānnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān.

  I我wǒreally很hěnwant to想xiǎnggo去qù，but不过bú guòtoday今天jīn tiānhave no没méitime时间shí jiān。

  

  Adding a condition or a minor point

  • you你nǐcan / may可以kě yǐto use / with用yòngI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decomputer电脑diàn nǎo，but不过bú guòdon't别biéto download下载xià zàigame游戏yóu xì。 — "You can use my computer, but don't download games."
  • The first clause is usually positive; but不过bú guò adds the limit.

  you你nǐcan可以kě yǐuse用yòngmy我wǒ的decomputer电脑diàn nǎo，but不过bú guòdon't别biédownload下载xià zàigames游戏yóu xì。

  Where but不过bú guò goes

  • but不过bú guò starts its clause, before the subject: but不过bú guòI / me我wǒtoday今天jīn tiānnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān, not I / me我wǒbut不过bú guòtoday今天jīn tiānnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān.
  • Keep the reservation small: for a strong contrast, but但是dàn shì sounds more natural.

  but不过bú guò = only, no more than

  • Before a number or noun, but不过bú guò can mean "only, merely": he / him他tābut不过bú guòto be / is是shì(measure word)个gèchild孩子hái zi。 — "He's only a child."
  • The contrast "but" but不过bú guò starts a clause; the "only" but不过bú guò stands before what it limits.

  he他tāonly不过bú guòis是shìa个gechild孩子hái zi。

  Recap

  • A，but不过bú guò B = A, but / though B: a gentle contrast or reservation.
  • but但是dàn shì is stronger; but不过bú guò + noun/number = only, merely.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  and so于是yú shì (thereupon / and so)

  And so they set off

  • You are reading a short story aloud: the rain stopped, and the children rushed outside.
  • 雨停yǔ tíng(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìchild孩子hái zi(plural)们mento run跑pǎo出去玩chū qù wán(completed / change)了le。 — "The rain stopped, and so the children ran out to play."

  Event，and so于是yú shì + next event

  • and so于是yú shì = "thereupon, and so": the second event happens because of, and right after, the first.
  • It is used for past events in narration: he / him他tāto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìto go去qùto buy买mǎi(completed / change)了le一个yí gèbread面包miàn bāo.

  he他tāhungry饿è了le，so于是yú shìwent去qùbuy买mǎi了lea一个yí gèbread roll面包miàn bāo。

  

  Telling a story step by step

  • he / him他tāto hear (sth said)听说tīng shuō那家店nà jiā diàndegree / adjective linker很hěnfamous有名yǒu míng，and so于是yú shìto decide (to do something)决定jué dìngto go去qù试试shì shì。 — "He heard the shop was famous, so he decided to try it."
  • and so于是yú shì makes the story flow: event → reaction.

  he他tāheard听说tīng shuōthat那家nà jiāshop店diànvery很hěnfamous有名yǒu míng，so于是yú shìdecided决定jué dìnggo去qùtry it试试shì shi。

  Past narration only

  • and so于是yú shì tells what someone did next; it is not for plans, rules or advice: if如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ menthen / just就jiùnot不bùto go去qù, not and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù.
  • It starts the second clause, usually before the subject if there is a new one: and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ mento return home回家huí jiā(completed / change)了le.

  and so于是yú shì versus so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ

  • so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ gives a logical result and fits any tense: because因为yīn wèito rain下雨xià yǔ，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐcompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sàito cancel取消qǔ xiāo(completed / change)了le.
  • and so于是yú shì moves a story forward with an action someone took: to rain下雨xià yǔ(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ mento return home回家huí jiā(completed / change)了le.

  because因为yīn wèiit rained下雨xià yǔ，so所以suǒ yǐthe match比赛bǐ sàicancelled取消qǔ xiāo了le。

  Recap

  • Event，and so于是yú shì + next action = and so, thereupon (past narration).
  • so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ = logical result in any tense; and so于是yú shì = what someone did next.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  furthermore还有hái yǒu (also / and / what's more)

  One more thing

  • You are listing what to pack for a trip and suddenly remember an item.
  • band带dàipassport护照hù zhào、purse钱包qián bāo，furthermore还有hái yǒucell phone手机shǒu jībattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì。 — "Bring your passport and wallet — and also your phone charger."

  …，furthermore还有hái yǒu … = and also, plus

  • furthermore还有hái yǒu adds one more item to a list or one more point to what you have said.
  • It can join nouns or whole sentences: furthermore还有hái yǒu，tomorrow明天míng tiāndon't别biéto arrive late迟到chí dào.

  I我wǒbought买mǎi了lebread面包miàn bāo、milk牛奶niú nǎi，and also还有hái yǒueggs鸡蛋jī dàn。

  

  At the start: one more point

  • furthermore还有hái yǒu，you你nǐ别忘了bié wàng leto / for / give给gěimama妈妈mā māto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà。 — "Also, don't forget to call Mum."
  • It signals that the speaker is adding something after a pause.

  also还有hái yǒu，you你nǐdon't别biéforget忘了wàng leto给gěiMum妈妈mā macall打电话dǎ diàn huà。

  Two meanings of furthermore还有hái yǒu

  • As a linker, furthermore还有hái yǒu = "and also": furthermore还有hái yǒu一件yī jiànmatter事shì. As a verb phrase, still / also还hái + to have / there is有yǒu = "still have": I / me我wǒfurthermore还有hái yǒu十块钱shí kuài qián.
  • Check whether an amount follows (still have) or a new item or point (and also).

  furthermore还有hái yǒu versus and / with和hé

  • and / with和hé joins two nouns in one phrase: bread面包miàn bāoand / with和hécow's milk牛奶niú nǎi.
  • furthermore还有hái yǒu adds an afterthought or a new point, often after a comma: bread面包miàn bāo、cow's milk牛奶niú nǎi，furthermore还有hái yǒu(chicken) egg鸡蛋jī dàn.

  I我wǒstill还háihave有yǒuten十shíyuan块kuàimoney钱qián。

  Recap

  • …，furthermore还有hái yǒu … = and also (one more item or point); furthermore还有hái yǒu，… starts an added point.
  • still / also还hái + to have / there is有yǒu + amount = still have; and / with和hé joins nouns directly.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  additional另外lìng wài (besides / in addition)

  The meeting notes

  • Your manager finishes the main point of a meeting and then adds a separate item.
  • additional另外lìng wài，down下xiàFriday周五zhōu wǔcompany公司gōng sīto have a holiday or…放假fàng jià。 — "Also, the company is closed next Friday."

  additional另外lìng wài，… = in addition, besides

  • additional另外lìng wài at the start of a sentence adds a separate, new point: "in addition, besides that".
  • It is common in emails, meetings and instructions.

  in addition另外lìng wài，please请qǐngeveryone大家dà jiābring带dài(along)上shangID cards身份证shēn fèn zhèng。

  

  additional另外lìng wài + Verb: separately, also

  • After the subject, additional另外lìng wài means "separately, in addition": I / me我wǒadditional另外lìng wàito / for / give给gěiyou你nǐpreparation准备zhǔn bèi(completed / change)了le一份yī fèn。 — "I've prepared an extra one for you."
  • he / him他tāadditional另外lìng wài还学hái xuéJapanese language日语rì yǔ。 — "He's also studying Japanese on the side."

  I我wǒseparately另外lìng wàifor给gěiyou你nǐprepared准备zhǔn bèi了leone一份yí fèn。

  A new point, not the same one

  • additional另外lìng wài adds something different from what came before; to add more of the same, use still / also还hái or also也yě.
  • At the start of a sentence, put a comma after additional另外lìng wài.

  additional另外lìng wài + (modifier / structural particle)的de / number: the other one

  • additional另外lìng wài(modifier / structural particle)的de / additional另外lìng wài一个yí gè = the other one, another one: additional另外lìng wài一个yí gèperson人rén — "the other person".
  • additional另外lìng wài两个liǎng gèquestion问题wèn tí — "the other two questions". This use is taught more in lesson 2203.

  the other另外lìng wàitwo两个liǎng gèquestions问题wèn tí。

  Recap

  • additional另外lìng wài，… = in addition (a new, separate point); Subject + additional另外lìng wài + Verb = separately, extra.
  • additional另外lìng wài + number / (modifier / structural particle)的de + noun = the other / another.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  to say again再说zài shuō (besides / what's more)

  Two reasons not to go

  • A friend wants to go out tonight, but you are tired and have no money left.
  • 我太累wǒ tài lèi(completed / change)了le，to say again再说zài shuōalso也yěnot / haven't没méicoin钱qián(completed / change)了le。 — "I'm too tired — and besides, I'm out of money."

  Reason 1，to say again再说zài shuō + reason 2

  • to say again再说zài shuō = "besides, what's more", adding a further reason in conversation.
  • It starts the second clause: today今天jīn tiān太冷tài lěng(completed / change)了le，to say again再说zài shuōI / me我wǒfurthermore还有hái yǒuschool assignment作业zuò yè.

  today今天jīn tiāntoo太tàicold冷lěng了le，besides再说zài shuōI我wǒstill还háihave有yǒuhomework作业zuò yè。

  

  Persuading or refusing

  • 别买bié mǎi(completed / change)了le，太贵tài guì(completed / change)了le，to say again再说zài shuōyou你nǐalready已经yǐ jīngto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gè(completed / change)了le。 — "Don't buy it — it's too expensive, and besides, you already have one."
  • to say again再说zài shuō often comes with also也yě or still / also还hái in the added reason.

  besides再说zài shuōyou你nǐalready已经yǐ jīnghave有yǒuone一个yí gè了le。

  Reasons, not sequences

  • to say again再说zài shuō adds a reason or argument; for "then" in a sequence, use then / after然后rán hòu.
  • It is spoken; in writing use moreover而且ér qiě or besides此外cǐ wài.

  to say again再说zài shuō = deal with it later

  • After a verb phrase or at the end, to say again再说zài shuō can mean "we'll see later": 这件zhè jiànmatter事shìafter以后yǐ hòuto say again再说zài shuō(suggestion)吧ba。 — "Let's talk about it later."
  • Context tells you which: adding a reason, or postponing.

  this matter这件事zhè jiàn shìlater以后yǐ hòudeal with再说zài shuō吧ba。

  Recap

  • Reason，to say again再说zài shuō + another reason = besides, what's more (spoken).
  • after以后yǐ hòuto say again再说zài shuō = we'll deal with it later. Writing prefers moreover而且ér qiě / besides此外cǐ wài.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  but可是kě shì / but但是dàn shì (two words for “but”)

  Two kinds of "but"

  • You tell a friend the new café is expensive, but the coffee really is excellent.
  • 这家zhè jiācafé咖啡馆kā fēi guǎndegree / adjective linker很hěnexpensive贵guì，but可是kě shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēireally真的zhēn dedegree / adjective linker很hěntasty (drinks)好喝hǎo hē。 — "This café is expensive, but the coffee is really good."

  but可是kě shì and but但是dàn shì = but

  • Both introduce a contrast and start the second clause. but但是dàn shì is neutral and fits writing; but可是kě shì is a little more spoken.
  • Both pair with although虽然suī rán: although虽然suī rán很累hěn lèi，but但是dàn shìdegree / adjective linker很hěnto feel happy开心kāi xīn.

  although虽然suī ránvery很hěntired累lèi，but但是dàn shìvery很hěnhappy开心kāi xīn。

  

  Feeling in but可是kě shì

  • but可是kě shì often carries the speaker's feeling: surprise, regret, complaint: I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，but可是kě shìmama妈妈mā mā不让bù ràng。 — "I want to go, but Mum won't let me."
  • but但是dàn shì states the contrast more neutrally, as in reports.

  I我wǒwant to想xiǎnggo去qù，but可是kě shìMum妈妈mā manot不búlet让ràng。

  One "but" per contrast

  • Do not double them: although虽然suī rán…but但是dàn shì…, not although虽然suī rán…but可是kě shìbut但是dàn shì….
  • Put but但是dàn shì / but可是kě shì at the start of the clause, before the subject: but但是dàn shìI / me我wǒnot / haven't没méito go去qù, not I / me我wǒbut但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méito go去qù.

  but可是kě shì, but但是dàn shì, but不过bú guò

  • but不过bú guò is the softest: a small reservation.
  • but但是dàn shì and but可是kě shì make a clear contrast; but却què can add to it after the subject: he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnintelligent聪明cōng míng，but但是dàn shìbut却quènot不bùto make an effort努力nǔ lì.

  he他tāvery很hěnclever聪明cōng ming，but但是dàn shìyet却quènot不bùhard-working努力nǔ lì。

  Recap

  • but但是dàn shì = but (neutral, written too); but可是kě shì = but (spoken, often with feeling).
  • Both start the clause; but不过bú guò is softer; but却què can follow the subject.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  and / but而ér (whereas / and yet)

  North and south

  • You are comparing the weather in two parts of China for a school project.
  • north北方běi fāng(modifier / structural particle)的dewinter冬天dōng tiāndegree / adjective linker很hěncold冷lěng，and / but而érsouth南方nán fāngdegree / adjective linker很hěnwarm暖和nuǎn huo。 — "Winters in the north are cold, whereas the south is warm."

  A，and / but而ér B = whereas, while

  • and / but而ér contrasts two facts side by side, in writing and formal speech.
  • It starts the second clause: older brother哥哥gē gēto like喜欢xǐ huanto move运动yùn dòng，and / but而éryounger brother弟弟dì dito like喜欢xǐ huanto read看书kàn shū.

  older brother哥哥gē gelikes喜欢xǐ huansport运动yùn dòng，whereas而éryounger brother弟弟dì dilikes喜欢xǐ huanreading看书kàn shū。

  

  Contrast with an expectation

  • he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnwell-off有钱yǒu qián，and / but而érto live生活shēng huóbut却quèdegree / adjective linker很hěnsimple简单jiǎn dān。 — "He's very rich, yet he lives very simply."
  • and / but而ér also joins two adjectives in writing: simple简单jiǎn dānand / but而éreffective有效yǒu xiào — "simple and effective".

  this这个zhè gemethod方法fāng fǎsimple简单jiǎn dānand而éreffective有效yǒu xiào。

  Formal register

  • and / but而ér is written style; in chat say but但是dàn shì, but可是kě shì or just but却què.
  • Both clauses should be comparable (two places, two people, two qualities) for the "whereas" meaning.

  and / but而ér versus but但是dàn shì

  • but但是dàn shì makes a "but": the second part goes against the first.
  • and / but而ér often just sets two facts side by side: 他学tā xuélaw法律fǎ lǜ，and / but而érI / me我wǒto study medicine学医xué yī — "He studies law, while I study medicine."

  he他tāstudies学xuélaw法律fǎ lǜ，while而érI我wǒstudy学xuémedicine医yī。

  Recap

  • A，and / but而ér B = whereas / while / yet, written style.
  • It sets two comparable facts side by side; simple简单jiǎn dānand / but而éreffective有效yǒu xiào joins adjectives.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  to use / with用yòng / to pass through通过tōng guò … to come来lái … (by means of …)

  How do you learn new words?

  • A classmate asks how you remember so many characters.
  • 我用wǒ yòng手机软件shǒu jī ruǎn jiàn来记lái jìnew word (in textbook)生词shēng cí。 — "I use a phone app to memorise new words."

  to use / with用yòng + tool + to come来lái + Verb

  • to use / with用yòng A to come来lái B = "use A to do B": A is the tool or method, B the purpose.
  • to come来lái can be left out: 我用wǒ yòngcell phone手机shǒu jīto record记jìnew word (in textbook)生词shēng cí. With to come来lái, the purpose sounds clearer.

  I我wǒuse用yòngmy phone手机shǒu jīto来láimemorise记jìnew words生词shēng cí。

  

  to pass through通过tōng guò + method + to come来lái + Verb

  • to pass through通过tōng guò A to come来lái B = "do B by means of A", often for methods and processes: to pass through通过tōng guòto move运动yùn dòngto come来láito lose weight减肥jiǎn féi。 — "Lose weight through exercise."
  • we / us我们wǒ mencan / may可以kě yǐto pass through通过tōng guònetwork (computing…网络wǎng luòto come来láito learn学习xué xí。 — "We can learn through the internet."

  he他tāthrough通过tōng guòexercise运动yùn dòngto来láilose weight减肥jiǎn féi。

  The tool comes first

  • Order: to use / with用yòng + tool + (to come来lái) + action: to use / with用yòngchopsticks筷子kuài zito have a meal吃饭chī fàn, not to have a meal吃饭chī fànto use / with用yòngchopsticks筷子kuài zi in this pattern.
  • to come来lái here is not "come"; it links the means to the purpose.

  to use / with用yòng versus to pass through通过tōng guò

  • to use / with用yòng takes a concrete tool or language: to use / with用yòngChinese language中文zhōng wénto write写xiě, to use / with用yòngcomputer电脑diàn nǎoto make做zuò.
  • to pass through通过tōng guò takes a method, process or channel: to pass through通过tōng guòto take an exam考试kǎo shì, to pass through通过tōng guòfriend朋友péng yǒuto introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shào.

  please请qǐnguse用yòngChinese中文Zhōng wénwrite写xiě。

  Recap

  • to use / with用yòng + tool (+ to come来lái) + Verb = use … to …; to pass through通过tōng guò + method (+ to come来lái) + Verb = by means of ….
  • The means comes before the action; to come来lái links them.

  Practise this pattern step by step.

  Practice without the models

  but不过bú guò (a softer “but”)

  0501.1 Complete: “The film was good, though a bit long.” movie电影diàn yǐngcorrect不错bù cuò，…………slightly有点儿yǒu diǎn érlong长cháng。

  0501.2 In this这zhèbut不过bú guòto be / is是shì(measure word)个gèsmall小xiǎoquestion问题wèn tí, what does but不过bú guò mean?

  • A. but
  • B. however much
  • C. not even
  • D. only, merely

  0501.3 Build: “You can use my computer, but don't download games.”

  Arrange all chunks: you你nǐcan / may可以kě yǐto use / with用yòngI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decomputer电脑diàn nǎo / don't别biéto download下载xià zàigame游戏yóu xì。 / but不过bú guò / ，

  0501.4 but不过bú guò sounds softer than but但是dàn shì.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0501.5 A friend asks about the hotel you stayed in. It was clean and friendly, but noisy at night. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  and so于是yú shì (thereupon / and so)

  0502.1 Complete: “He was hungry, so he went to buy some bread.” he / him他tāto be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le，…………to go去qùto buy买mǎi(completed / change)了lebread面包miàn bāo。

  0502.2 Which sentence uses and so于是yú shì correctly?

  • A. to get dark天黑tiān hēi(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ mento return home回家huí jiā(completed / change)了le。
  • B. you你nǐshould应该yīng gāirest休息xiū xī，and so于是yú shìyou你nǐcan / will会huìgood好hǎo。
  • C. if如果rú guǒtomorrow明天míng tiānto rain下雨xià yǔ，and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù。
  • D. and so于是yú shìbecause因为yīn wèito rain下雨xià yǔ，competition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sàito cancel取消qǔ xiāo(completed / change)了le。

  0502.3 Build: “He heard the shop was famous, so he decided to try it.”

  Arrange all chunks: he / him他tāto hear (sth said)听说tīng shuō那家店nà jiā diàndegree / adjective linker很hěnfamous有名yǒu míng / ， / to decide (to do something)决定jué dìngto go去qù试试shì shì。 / and so于是yú shì

  0502.4 and so于是yú shì is suitable for general rules about the future.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0502.5 You are reading a short story aloud: the rain stopped, and the children rushed outside. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  furthermore还有hái yǒu (also / and / what's more)

  0503.1 Add a point: “Also, tomorrow's meeting is at nine.” …………，tomorrow明天míng tiān(modifier / structural particle)的decan / will会huì九点jiǔ diǎnto start开始kāi shǐ。

  0503.2 In I / me我wǒfurthermore还有hái yǒu两个liǎng gèapple苹果píng guǒ, what does furthermore还有hái yǒu mean?

  • A. and also
  • B. however
  • C. still have
  • D. besides

  0503.3 Build: “I bought bread and milk, and also eggs.”

  Arrange all chunks: furthermore还有hái yǒu / I / me我wǒto buy买mǎi(completed / change)了lebread面包miàn bāo、cow's milk牛奶niú nǎi / (chicken) egg鸡蛋jī dàn。 / ，

  0503.4 furthermore还有hái yǒu often adds an afterthought after a comma.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0503.5 You are listing what to pack for a trip and suddenly remember an item. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  additional另外lìng wài (besides / in addition)

  0504.1 Add a separate point: “In addition, please bring your ID.” …………，请带qǐng dàiidentity card身份证shēn fèn zhèng。

  0504.2 What does additional另外lìng wài一个yí gèperson人rén mean?

  • A. besides a person
  • B. the other person
  • C. every person
  • D. one more time

  0504.3 Build: “I've prepared an extra one for you.”

  Arrange all chunks: additional另外lìng wài / I / me我wǒ / preparation准备zhǔn bèi(completed / change)了le一份yī fèn。 / to / for / give给gěiyou你nǐ

  0504.4 additional另外lìng wài is used to add a different, separate point.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0504.5 Your manager finishes the main point of a meeting and then adds a separate item. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  to say again再说zài shuō (besides / what's more)

  0505.1 Complete: “It's too late, and besides, the shop is closed.” 太晚tài wǎn(completed / change)了le，…………store商店shāng diànalso也yěto close a door关门guān mén(completed / change)了le。

  0505.2 What does this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn títomorrow明天míng tiānto say again再说zài shuō mean?

  • A. Say this question again tomorrow.
  • B. Besides this question, tomorrow…
  • C. This question was said yesterday.
  • D. Let's deal with this question tomorrow.

  0505.3 Build: “Don't buy it – it's too expensive, and besides you already have one.”

  Arrange all chunks: 别买bié mǎi(completed / change)了le / ，to say again再说zài shuō / ，太贵tài guì(completed / change)了le / you你nǐalready已经yǐ jīngto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gè(completed / change)了le。

  0505.4 to say again再说zài shuō is the usual linker for “then” in a sequence of steps.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0505.5 A friend wants to go out tonight, but you are tired and have no money left. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  but可是kě shì / but但是dàn shì (two words for “but”)

  0506.1 Complete (written): “Although it was raining, the match went ahead.” although虽然suī ránto rain下雨xià yǔ，…………competition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sài照常进行zhào cháng jìn xíng。

  0506.2 Which sentence has correct word order?

  • A. I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，not / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiānbut但是dàn shì。
  • B. I / me我wǒbut但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méito go去qù。
  • C. I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，but但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān。
  • D. but但是dàn shìI / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，not / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān。

  0506.3 Build: “I want to go, but Mum won't let me.”

  Arrange all chunks: ， / mama妈妈mā mā不让bù ràng。 / but可是kě shì / I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù

  0506.4 but却què can follow the subject to strengthen a contrast.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0506.5 You tell a friend the new café is expensive, but the coffee really is excellent. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  and / but而ér (whereas / and yet)

  0507.1 Complete (written): “He likes coffee, whereas she likes tea.” he / him他tāto like喜欢xǐ huancoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi，…………she / her她tāto like喜欢xǐ huantea茶chá。

  0507.2 Which context suits and / but而ér best?

  • A. Ordering food in a restaurant
  • B. Greeting a neighbour
  • C. A newspaper article comparing two cities
  • D. A text message to a friend

  0507.3 Build: “This method is simple and effective.”

  Arrange all chunks: and / but而ér / simple简单jiǎn dān / effective有效yǒu xiào。 / this这个zhè gemethod方法fāng fǎ

  0507.4 and / but而ér can simply set two facts side by side without a strong “but”.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0507.5 You are comparing the weather in two parts of China for a school project. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  to use / with用yòng / to pass through通过tōng guò … to come来lái … (by means of …)

  0508.1 Complete: “I use a dictionary to look up new words.” I / me我wǒ…………dictionary词典cí diǎn来查lái chánew word (in textbook)生词shēng cí。

  0508.2 Which fits a method? “He found the job through a friend's introduction.” he / him他tā____friend朋友péng yǒuto introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shàoto find找到zhǎo dào(completed / change)了leto work工作gōng zuò。

  • A. with / and跟gēn
  • B. to pass through通过tōng guò
  • C. to use / with用yòng
  • D. to / towards / correct对duì

  0508.3 Build: “He loses weight through exercise.”

  Arrange all chunks: to lose weight减肥jiǎn féi。 / to pass through通过tōng guòto move运动yùn dòng / he / him他tā / to come来lái

  0508.4 In to use / with用yòngcell phone手机shǒu jī来记lái jìnew word (in textbook)生词shēng cí, to come来lái means “come”.

  True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

  0508.5 A classmate asks how you remember so many characters. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

  Write or say your own response before reading the key.

  Answers and explanations

  but不过bú guò (a softer “but”)

  0501.1 but不过bú guò

  but不过bú guò adds a soft reservation.

  0501.2 D. only, merely

  Before a noun phrase, but不过bú guò = only.

  0501.3 you你nǐcan / may可以kě yǐto use / with用yòngI / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的decomputer电脑diàn nǎo，but不过bú guòdon't别biéto download下载xià zàigame游戏yóu xì。

  Permission, then but不过bú guò + limit.

  0501.4 True.

  but不过bú guò often adds a minor reservation.

  0501.5 One possible response: room房间fáng jiāndegree / adjective linker很hěnclean干净gān jìng，but不过bú guòevening晚上wǎn shàngslightly有点儿yǒu diǎn érto quarrel吵chǎo。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • but不过bú guò starts its clause, before the subject: but不过bú guòI / me我wǒtoday今天jīn tiānnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān, not I / me我wǒbut不过bú guòtoday今天jīn tiānnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān.
  • Keep the reservation small: for a strong contrast, but但是dàn shì sounds more natural.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  and so于是yú shì (thereupon / and so)

  0502.1 and so于是yú shì

  and so于是yú shì tells what he did next.

  0502.2 A. to get dark天黑tiān hēi(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ mento return home回家huí jiā(completed / change)了le。

  and so于是yú shì narrates the next past action.

  0502.3 he / him他tāto hear (sth said)听说tīng shuō那家店nà jiā diàndegree / adjective linker很hěnfamous有名yǒu míng，and so于是yú shìto decide (to do something)决定jué dìngto go去qù试试shì shì。

  Event, then and so于是yú shì + decision.

  0502.4 False.

  It narrates what happened next in the past.

  0502.5 One possible response: 雨停yǔ tíng(completed / change)了le，and so于是yú shìchild孩子hái zi(plural)们mento run跑pǎo出去玩chū qù wán(completed / change)了le。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • and so于是yú shì tells what someone did next; it is not for plans, rules or advice: if如果rú guǒto rain下雨xià yǔ，we / us我们wǒ menthen / just就jiùnot不bùto go去qù, not and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ men不去bù qù.
  • It starts the second clause, usually before the subject if there is a new one: and so于是yú shìwe / us我们wǒ mento return home回家huí jiā(completed / change)了le.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  furthermore还有hái yǒu (also / and / what's more)

  0503.1 furthermore还有hái yǒu

  furthermore还有hái yǒu at the start adds a new point.

  0503.2 C. still have

  still / also还hái + to have / there is有yǒu + amount = still have.

  0503.3 I / me我wǒto buy买mǎi(completed / change)了lebread面包miàn bāo、cow's milk牛奶niú nǎi，furthermore还有hái yǒu(chicken) egg鸡蛋jī dàn。

  List, then furthermore还有hái yǒu + one more item.

  0503.4 True.

  It adds one more item or point.

  0503.5 One possible response: band带dàipassport护照hù zhào、purse钱包qián bāo，furthermore还有hái yǒucell phone手机shǒu jībattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • As a linker, furthermore还有hái yǒu = "and also": furthermore还有hái yǒu一件yī jiànmatter事shì. As a verb phrase, still / also还hái + to have / there is有yǒu = "still have": I / me我wǒfurthermore还有hái yǒu十块钱shí kuài qián.
  • Check whether an amount follows (still have) or a new item or point (and also).
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  additional另外lìng wài (besides / in addition)

  0504.1 additional另外lìng wài

  additional另外lìng wài introduces a new, separate point.

  0504.2 B. the other person

  additional另外lìng wài + number + MW + noun = the other / another.

  0504.3 I / me我wǒadditional另外lìng wàito / for / give给gěiyou你nǐpreparation准备zhǔn bèi(completed / change)了le一份yī fèn。

  Subject + additional另外lìng wài + verb phrase.

  0504.4 True.

  For more of the same, use still / also还hái or also也yě.

  0504.5 One possible response: additional另外lìng wài，down下xiàFriday周五zhōu wǔcompany公司gōng sīto have a holiday or…放假fàng jià。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • additional另外lìng wài adds something different from what came before; to add more of the same, use still / also还hái or also也yě.
  • At the start of a sentence, put a comma after additional另外lìng wài.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  to say again再说zài shuō (besides / what's more)

  0505.1 to say again再说zài shuō

  to say again再说zài shuō adds a further reason.

  0505.2 D. Let's deal with this question tomorrow.

  to say again再说zài shuō at the end postpones a matter.

  0505.3 别买bié mǎi(completed / change)了le，太贵tài guì(completed / change)了le，to say again再说zài shuōyou你nǐalready已经yǐ jīngto have / there is有yǒu一个yí gè(completed / change)了le。

  Reason 1, to say again再说zài shuō + reason 2.

  0505.4 False.

  Sequences use then / after然后rán hòu; to say again再说zài shuō adds reasons.

  0505.5 One possible response: 我太累wǒ tài lèi(completed / change)了le，to say again再说zài shuōalso也yěnot / haven't没méicoin钱qián(completed / change)了le。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • to say again再说zài shuō adds a reason or argument; for "then" in a sequence, use then / after然后rán hòu.
  • It is spoken; in writing use moreover而且ér qiě or besides此外cǐ wài.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  but可是kě shì / but但是dàn shì (two words for “but”)

  0506.1 but但是dàn shì

  although虽然suī rán pairs with but但是dàn shì / but可是kě shì.

  0506.2 C. I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，but但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méi(concept of) time时间shí jiān。

  but但是dàn shì starts the contrasting clause.

  0506.3 I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qù，but可是kě shìmama妈妈mā mā不让bù ràng。

  Clause 1, but可是kě shì + clause 2.

  0506.4 True.

  True. but却què is an adverb after the subject that sharpens a contrast, often with but但是dàn shì or but可是kě shì: I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnrope累lèi，but但是dàn shìhe / him他tābut却quèdegree / adjective linker很hěnvigor精神jīng shén.

  0506.5 One possible response: 这家zhè jiācafé咖啡馆kā fēi guǎndegree / adjective linker很hěnexpensive贵guì，but可是kě shìcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēireally真的zhēn dedegree / adjective linker很hěntasty (drinks)好喝hǎo hē。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • Do not double them: although虽然suī rán…but但是dàn shì…, not although虽然suī rán…but可是kě shìbut但是dàn shì….
  • Put but但是dàn shì / but可是kě shì at the start of the clause, before the subject: but但是dàn shìI / me我wǒnot / haven't没méito go去qù, not I / me我wǒbut但是dàn shìnot / haven't没méito go去qù.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  and / but而ér (whereas / and yet)

  0507.1 and / but而ér

  and / but而ér contrasts two comparable facts.

  0507.2 C. A newspaper article comparing two cities

  and / but而ér is written, formal style.

  0507.3 this这个zhè gemethod方法fāng fǎsimple简单jiǎn dānand / but而éreffective有效yǒu xiào。

  Adj + and / but而ér + Adj.

  0507.4 True.

  True. and / but而ér can simply set two facts side by side (“while, whereas”): 他学tā xuélaw法律fǎ lǜ，and / but而érI / me我wǒto study medicine学医xué yī “He studies law, while I study medicine.”

  0507.5 One possible response: north北方běi fāng(modifier / structural particle)的dewinter冬天dōng tiāndegree / adjective linker很hěncold冷lěng，and / but而érsouth南方nán fāngdegree / adjective linker很hěnwarm暖和nuǎn huo。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • and / but而ér is written style; in chat say but但是dàn shì, but可是kě shì or just but却què.
  • Both clauses should be comparable (two places, two people, two qualities) for the "whereas" meaning.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

  to use / with用yòng / to pass through通过tōng guò … to come来lái … (by means of …)

  0508.1 to use / with用yòng

  to use / with用yòng + tool + to come来lái + action.

  0508.2 B. to pass through通过tōng guò

  A method or channel takes to pass through通过tōng guò.

  0508.3 he / him他tāto pass through通过tōng guòto move运动yùn dòngto come来láito lose weight减肥jiǎn féi。

  to pass through通过tōng guò + method + to come来lái + purpose.

  0508.4 False.

  to come来lái links the means to the purpose here.

  0508.5 One possible response: 我用wǒ yòng手机软件shǒu jī ruǎn jiàn来记lái jìnew word (in textbook)生词shēng cí。

  Check meaning and form:

  • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
  • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
  • Order: to use / with用yòng + tool + (to come来lái) + action: to use / with用yòngchopsticks筷子kuài zito have a meal吃饭chī fàn, not to have a meal吃饭chī fànto use / with用yòngchopsticks筷子kuài zi in this pattern.
  • to come来lái here is not "come"; it links the means to the purpose.
  • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

  This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

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