対比接続詞

• 10 対比接続詞

  10.1

  although, though, even though

  

  English

  

  These conjunctions express contrast / concession ("although...but..."). They are followed by a complete sentence (subject + verb).

  • although / though: Although. even though: Stronger tone, meaning "even if / despite the fact that".

  虽然Although （天气it）it （过去）was 下雨raining 我们, we 去went 外出out.

  *Although it was raining, we still went out.

  他He 通过passed 尽管, even though 他he 没有hadn't 学习studied.

  *Even though he didn't study, he still passed.

  Note: though can also appear at the end of a sentence to mean "however" (informal): It's expensive. I like it, though.

  10.2

  despite, in spite of

  English

  despite and in spite of have the same meaning as although, but they are followed by nouns / gerunds, not complete sentences.

  尽管Despite （冠词）the 雨rain 我们, we 去went 外出out.

  *Despite the rain, we still went out.

  尽管In spite of 是being 累tired 她, she 继续kept 工作working.

  *Despite being very tired, she continued working.

  Note: Key distinction: although + sentence; despite / in spite of + noun / -ing. ~~despite it was raining~~ ✗ → despite the rain ✓.

  10.3

  however, nevertheless

  English

  however and nevertheless are conjunctive adverbs that connect two sentences, usually placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.

  （它）It （过去）was 贵expensive 然而. However 我们, we 买bought 它it.

  *It was expensive. However, we still bought it.

  Note: However typically forms its own sentence separated by a comma; do not use it to directly join two clauses like but.

  Common Errors

  • ❌ ~~Although it was raining, but we went out.~~ → ✓ Keep only one: Although it was raining, we went out. / It was raining, but we went out. — Chinese "although...but..." appears in pairs, but English allows only one.
  • ❌ ~~Despite of the rain…~~ → ✓ despite the rain / in spite of the rain — despite never takes of; in spite always takes of; do not mix them.
  • ❌ ~~Even he studied hard, he failed.~~ → ✓ Even though he studied hard… — even alone is not a conjunction; use even though / even if.
  • ❌ ~~It was expensive, however we bought it.~~ → ✓ It was expensive. However, we bought it. (Or using a semicolon: …expensive**; however,** we…) — However cannot join two clauses with just a comma like but.

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