Convert mass into moles, compare amounts divided by equation coefficients, and track what is used, formed and left. Changing starting amounts can change the limiting reactant.
Compare solid, molten and dissolved NaCl. The same ions can be held at lattice sites or mobile; reversing the field changes their drift, not their charge.
Reducing 0.050 mol Cu²⁺ to copper requires 0.100 mol electrons. Track copper and electron amounts, then compare cathode signs while keeping reduction and the 2:1 ratio unchanged.
Answers: 1 particles touch but are disordered, moving randomly past each other; 2 a solution containing the maximum mass of dissolved solute at that temperature; g per 100 g of solvent; 3 fractional distillation; 4 mass number 37; 17 protons, 20 neutrons, 17 electrons; 5 $(80 \times 20 + 20 \times 22)/100 = 20.4$; 6 2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s); 7 Ca 6.0/40 = 0.15 mol; O mass 8.4 − 6.0 = 2.4 g → 2.4/16 = 0.15 mol; ratio 1:1 → empirical formula CaO; 8 (NH₄)₂CO₃; 9 graphite uses three bonds per carbon, leaving one delocalised electron per carbon free to move between layers — diamond uses all four in fixed bonds; 10 (C) potassium at the cathode (K⁺ + e⁻ → K) and chlorine at the anode (2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻).