Evaluate an argument without overclaiming
IntroducedA useful situation
- Your goal: Separate a necessary condition, evidence, and conclusion.
- Before you start, recall the words you already know. New words below are here to help, not a list you must master before continuing.
Words you will use
- necessary必要 bìyào — necessary. 这是requirement必要条件。
- sufficient充分 chōngfèn — sufficient. evidence证据not不sufficient充分。
- review / approval process审核 shěnhé — review / approval process. to apply for sth申请to need需要review / approval process审核。
- related / correlated相关 xiāngguān — related / correlated. both sides两者related / correlated相关。
- infer推断 tuīduàn — infer. cannot不能direct (opposite: indirect…直接infer推断。
Match each word with its meaning in this unit.
Use the example sentences to check each word’s meaning in context.
Build the meaning
- only have ...只有……only then / not until才…… commonly states a necessary condition. only have ...只有to pass through通过review / approval process审核，talent才能to participate参加 does not say approval alone guarantees participation.
- An argument can contain correlation without establishing causation. Preserve the strength of verbs such as maybe / possible可能, to make clear表明, and proof证明.
Do not replace maybe / possible可能 with definitely一定 or related / correlated相关 with to lead to导致 when summarising. Those changes strengthen the claim beyond the source.
Complete the necessary-condition pattern: 只有通过审核，____能参加。
只有……才 encodes the required condition.
Listen for a fresh detail
- Listen before revealing the script.
- Replay if you need to. This is practice: if playback is unavailable, use the script as reading and return to listening on a device with Mandarin playback.
Show the listening script and meaning
to pass through通过review / approval process审核merely只是报名条件one of (sth)之一。申请者still / also还to have to必须at / in在Friday周五front前to register (one's name)登记，otherwise否则cannot不能to participate参加。
Approval is only one condition. Applicants must also register before Friday, otherwise they cannot join.
Does approval alone guarantee participation?
还必须……登记 adds a further requirement.
Read a different account
only have ...只有to pass through通过review / approval process审核，申请者talent才能to participate参加item项目，but但to pass through通过review / approval process审核back后still仍to require需to complete完成to register (one's name)登记。to inform报告still / also还to notice发现，participant参加者(modifier / structural particle)的to read阅读(concept of) time时间and / with与achievement成绩related / correlated相关。however然而，participant参加者maybe / possible可能originally原本then / just就more更to wish愿意to learn学习，therefore因此cannot不能仅凭这一outcome结果to conclude断定item项目to lead to导致(completed / change)了achievement成绩to raise提高。
- The reading and listening have different details. Use the material for the question you are answering.
- Read once for the situation, then again for the relevant detail. Reveal help when needed.
Show the reading meaning
Approval is necessary to join, but registration is also required. Reading time correlates with results, yet participants may already be motivated. This evidence alone cannot establish that the programme caused improvement.
Why is the causal conclusion uncertain?
The report supplies motivation as an alternative explanation.
Speak, write, and review
- Explain the application requirements to a partner. Then discuss why the reported correlation does not settle causation.
- Record yourself privately or work with a partner. First try without the model, then compare the meaning and structure; a text checker cannot assess your pronunciation.
review / approval process审核to be / is是requirement必要条件，but但还要to register (one's name)登记。to read阅读(concept of) time时间and / with与achievement成绩related / correlated相关，not不to equal等于item项目definitely一定to bring about造成achievement成绩to raise提高。
- Write a paragraph explaining what the evidence supports and what remains uncertain.
- Tomorrow, recall two words and repeat the task with one detail changed. Revisit it after a few days; return sooner to the part that felt difficult.
Separate a necessary condition, evidence, and conclusion. Use the examples as support, then try a fresh version. Completing these exercises records practice, not a guarantee of mastery.
Practise this unit’s words and skills · Choose the next guided unit
Write a paragraph explaining what the evidence supports and what remains uncertain.
Compare the meaning and structure with the checklist. Your own response may differ from the model.