Aliran melingkar dan multiplier
| English | Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|
| injection/ɪnˈdʒekʃn/ | injeksi |
| multiplier/ˌmʌltɪˈplaɪə/ | multiplier |
| national income/ˈnæʃənl ˈɪŋkʌm/ | pendapatan nasional |
| withdrawals/wɪθˈdrɔːlz/ | penarikan |
| marginal propensity to consume/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl prəˈpensɪti tə kənˈsjuːm/ | propensi konsumsi marjinal |
How one dollar becomes many
- Spend a dollar at a shop; the shopkeeper spends part of it; the next person spends part of that. One injection 注入 ripples through the economy.
- This multiplier 乘数 effect means a change in spending raises national income 国民收入 by more than the original amount.
The circular flow, revisited
- Income circulates between households and firms, with injections (I, G, X) adding in and withdrawals 漏出 (S, T, M) leaking out.
Injections (investment, government spending, exports) feed the loop; withdrawals (saving, taxes, imports) drain it.
Income circulates between households and firms, with injections and leakages
Aliran melingkar dan multiplier
Pendapatan mengalir antar rumah tangga dan perusahaan. Suntikan (misalnya investasi) dibelanjakan lagi dan lagi — efek multiplier.
Manakah yang merupakan injeksi ke dalam aliran melingkar?
Suntikan adalah I, G, X; tabungan, pajak, dan impor adalah penarikan.
The multiplier
- Each round of re-spending depends on the marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向 (MPC):
Worked example. If MPC = 0.75, the multiplier $= \dfrac{1}{1 - 0.75} = \dfrac{1}{0.25} = 4$ — so £1bn of extra spending raises national income by £4bn.
One injection multiplies into a larger rise in income
Multiplier, putaran demi putaran
Seret suntikan dan MPC, lalu tekan Play — setiap putaran belanja adalah MPC dikali putaran terakhir, dan total menetap pada k × suntikan. Kebocoran lebih besar, riak lebih kecil.
Jika propensity边际 konsumsi adalah 0.75, berapakah multiplier = 1/(1 − MPC)?
1 / (1 − 0.75) = 1 / 0.25 = 4.
Dengan pengali 4, berapa kenaikan pendapatan nasional jika pengeluaran meningkat sebesar 2 miliar?
4 × 2 miliar = 8 miliar.
Pengali sama dengan 1 / (1 − ______).
Multiplier = 1/(1 − MPC).
What weakens the multiplier
- The bigger the withdrawals (high saving, taxes, or import spending), the smaller the multiplier — more leaks out each round.
Actual output around its potential, showing output gaps
Tingkat tabungan atau impor yang lebih tinggi mengurangi besaran pengali.
Lebih banyak kebocoran keluar dari aliran setiap putaran, sehingga pengeluaran ulang — dan pengali — menjadi lebih kecil.
You've got it
- an injection ripples through re-spending — the multiplier effect
- multiplier $= \dfrac{1}{1 - MPC}$ (MPC 0.75 → multiplier 4)
- bigger withdrawals (saving, tax, imports) → smaller multiplier