Pernyataan sebab & akibat

(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ……，是因为shì yīn wèi……

Rakan sekelas anda menunjuk projek pasukan yang telah siap dan bertanya mengapa ia berjalan begitu baik. Anda boleh bermula dengan kerja yang telah anda lakukan. Soalan ini sebenarnya mengenai hasil. Bahasa Cina boleh meletakkan hasil itu terlebih dahulu dan penjelasan kemudian. (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ……，是因为shì yīn wèi…… bermaksud "sebab mengapa … adalah kerana …."

Hasilnya sudah kelihatan: barisan panjang, masa baru, atau keputusan. Anda sebutkan hasil itu, kemudian berikan sebab, tujuan, atau niat. Orang menggunakan corak ini apabila mereka menjelaskan hasil dengan teliti, dalam perbualan, mesej, dan ceramah pendek. Cerita pantas boleh bermula dari punca dengan because因为yīn wèi……，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ…….

Bentuk

Subjek biasanya datang lebih dulu. (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ memperkenalkan hasil. Selepas koma, pilih separuh kedua berdasarkan makna.

Subjek + (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ + hasil ，是因为shì yīn wèi + sebab

Subjek + (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ + hasil ，to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le + tujuan

Subjek + (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ + hasil ，to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎng + niat

是因为shì yīn wèi introduces a fact, such as an event or a state. to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le introduces a goal, usually a verb phrase. to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎng introduces what someone wants to do, also as a verb phrase. These three are the usual endings. If the second half is a wish to rest, to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎngrest休息xiū xī names the wish, while 是因为shì yīn wèiwant / think / miss想xiǎngrest休息xiū xī gives that wish as a cause. Both can be acceptable, and the context shows which one is clearer. The part after each ending may be a short phrase or a whole sentence.

The subject can also stand just after (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ, inside the result. You will see both orders. Subject first is the usual choice in speech.

The pattern sounds a little more prepared than a quick because因为yīn wèi……so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ……. Friends use it in ordinary conversation, and it also fits a talk or a message.

In this pattern, (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ is followed by the result, and 是因为shì yīn wèi, to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le, or to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎng is followed by the explanation. When you want to open with the cause, because因为yīn wèi……，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ…… is a natural choice, and it follows the events in time.

Contoh

we / us我们wǒ men(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐto choose选xuǎn(completed / change)了le这家zhè jiā面包店miàn bāo diàn，是因为shì yīn wèithey他们tā men(modifier / structural particle)的debread面包miàn bāoagain又yòufresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiānagain又yòucheap便宜pián yi。

Wǒmen zhīsuǒyǐ xuǎn le zhè jiā miànbāodiàn, shì yīnwèi tāmen de miànbāo yòu xīnxiān yòu piányi. The reason we chose this bakery is that their bread is both fresh and cheap.

I / me我wǒ(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎmeeting会议huì yìto change改gǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了leFriday周五zhōu wǔ，to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi leto let / make让ràngparts of the country other…外地wài dì(modifier / structural particle)的decolleague同事tóng shìalso也yěcan / be able to能néngto show up到场dào chǎng。

Wǒ zhīsuǒyǐ bǎ huìyì gǎi dào le zhōuwǔ, shì wèile ràng wàidì de tóngshì yě néng dàochǎng. The reason I moved the meeting to Friday is so that colleagues from other cities can attend too.

he / him他tā(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐnow现在xiàn zàionly then / not until才cáivariant of 说说shuō，to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎngto ask请qǐngeveryone大家dà jiāearly先xiāndon't别bié(把: marks the object)把bǎnews消息xiāo xīto issue (an order, decree…发出fā chūto go去qù。

Tā zhīsuǒyǐ xiànzài cái shuō, shì xiǎng qǐng dàjiā xiān bié bǎ xiāoxi fā chūqù. The reason he is saying this only now is that he wants to ask everyone to wait before they send the news out.

Kontras

because因为yīn wèiunderground railway地铁dì tiě停运tíng yùn(completed / change)了le，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐwe / us我们wǒ men改坐gǎi zuòpublic transport vehicle公交车gōng jiāo chē。

Yīnwèi dìtiě tíngyùn le, suǒyǐ wǒmen gǎi zuò gōngjiāochē. Because the metro had stopped running, we switched to the bus.

we / us我们wǒ men(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ改坐gǎi zuòpublic transport vehicle公交车gōng jiāo chē，是因为shì yīn wèiunderground railway地铁dì tiě停运tíng yùn(completed / change)了le。

Wǒmen zhīsuǒyǐ gǎi zuò gōngjiāochē, shì yīnwèi dìtiě tíngyùn le. The reason we switched to the bus is that the metro had stopped running.

These two sentences describe the same trip. The first one follows time, from cause to result. The second one answers a question about the result, then gives the cause. Both are natural. Choose the order that matches the question.

Use this pattern for a result that really happened. A near miss, or a result that only would have happened in another situation, needs other words.

Latihan

1. Choose the ending that matches the situation.

younger brother弟弟dì ditomorrow明天míng tiānto have / there is有yǒucompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sài。older sister姐姐jiě jiě六点liù diǎnthen / just就jiù做好zuò hǎo(completed / change)了lebreakfast早餐zǎo cān，to hope希望xī wànghe / him他tāvariant of 吃吃chīgood好hǎo。

older sister姐姐jiě jiě(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ六点liù diǎnthen / just就jiù做好zuò hǎo(completed / change)了lebreakfast早餐zǎo cān，______。

A. to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎngto let / make让ràngyounger brother弟弟dì dito eat one's fill吃饱chī bǎo(completed / change)了leagain / then再zàito go去qùcompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sài

B. 是因为shì yīn wèihome家里jiā lǐnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuvariant of 吃吃chī(modifier / structural particle)的de

C. to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi leto let / make让ràngyounger brother弟弟dì dito be hungry饿è(ongoing -ing)着zheto go去qùcompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sài

2. Kalimat mana yang menggunakan "zhisuoyi......, shiyiwei......" dan menempatkan hasil sebelum sebab? Kami tidak mengunjungi museum. Museum tutup hari Senin.

A. because因为yīn wèiMonday星期一xīng qī yīmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎnto close a door关门guān mén，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐwe / us我们wǒ mennot / haven't没méito go去qù。

B. we / us我们wǒ men(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐnot / haven't没méito go去qùmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎn，是因为shì yīn wèiMonday星期一xīng qī yīmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎnto close a door关门guān mén。

C. we / us我们wǒ men是因为shì yīn wèiMonday星期一xīng qī yīmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎnto close a door关门guān mén，(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐnot / haven't没méito go去qùmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎn。

3. Put the pieces into one sentence. Use every piece once. Put a comma between the result and the cause. They took a taxi because the last bus had already left. State the taxi result first.

already已经yǐ jīngto go (of car, train etc)开走kāi zǒu(completed / change)了le / (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ / last bus or train末班车mò bān chē / we / us我们wǒ men / 是因为shì yīn wèi / to beat打dǎ(completed / change)了letaxi出租车chū zū chē

4. Rewrite the sentence so the result comes first. Use (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ……，to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le……. Keep new新xīnto study at the same school同学tóng xué, self-introduction自我介绍zì wǒ jiè shào, and each other彼此bǐ cǐ.

because因为yīn wèiwant / think / miss想xiǎngto let / make让ràngnew新xīnto study at the same school同学tóng xuéto know认识rèn shíeach other彼此bǐ cǐ，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐteacher in charge of a class班主任bān zhǔ rènto arrange安排ān pái(completed / change)了leself-introduction自我介绍zì wǒ jiè shào。

5. The park has put up street lights on the path. Two small accidents had already happened there. Which sentence reports that real result and that real cause?

A. park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuán(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐadornment装zhuāng(completed / change)了lestreet lamp路灯lù dēng，是因为shì yīn wèismall小xiǎoon the road路上lù shàng出过chū guò两次liǎng cìsmall小xiǎounexpected意外yì wài。

B. park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuán(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐadornment装zhuāng(completed / change)了lestreet lamp路灯lù dēng，to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi leto let / make让ràngminor road小路xiǎo lù更暗gèng àn。

C. minor road小路xiǎo lù(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐnot / haven't没méi出过chū guòunexpected意外yì wài，是因为shì yīn wèipark (for public recreation)公园gōng yuán没装méi zhuāngstreet lamp路灯lù dēng。

6. Write one sentence with (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ……，是因为shì yīn wèi……. The community clinic now opens earlier in the morning. The cause is that many parents can come only before work. Put the new hours first. Include head of a household家长jiā zhǎng and early morning早上zǎo shàng or morning上午shàng wǔ.

Jawaban

1. A. older sister姐姐jiě jiě(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ六点liù diǎnthen / just就jiù做好zuò hǎo(completed / change)了lebreakfast早餐zǎo cān，to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎngto let / make让ràngyounger brother弟弟dì dito eat one's fill吃饱chī bǎo(completed / change)了leagain / then再zàito go去qùcompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sài。

Jiějie zhīsuǒyǐ liù diǎn jiù zuò hǎo le zǎocān, shì xiǎng ràng dìdi chī bǎo le zài qù bǐsài. She hopes he will eat well before the match, so to be / is是shìwant / think / miss想xiǎng fits that intention. B adds an empty kitchen. C sends him to the match hungry.

2. B. we / us我们wǒ men(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐnot / haven't没méito go去qùmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎn，是因为shì yīn wèiMonday星期一xīng qī yīmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎnto close a door关门guān mén。

Wǒmen zhīsuǒyǐ méi qù bówùguǎn, shì yīnwèi xīngqīyī bówùguǎn guānmén. The missed visit is the result, and the Monday closing is the cause. A is natural Chinese with the cause first, and this task asks for (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ……，是因为shì yīn wèi……. C places (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ after the cause, so the result is no longer first.

3. we / us我们wǒ men(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐto beat打dǎ(completed / change)了letaxi出租车chū zū chē，是因为shì yīn wèilast bus or train末班车mò bān chēalready已经yǐ jīngto go (of car, train etc)开走kāi zǒu(completed / change)了le。

Wǒmen zhīsuyǐ dǎ le chūzūchē, shì yīnwèi mòbānchē yjīng kāi zǒu le. The taxi ride is the result, so it stays with (after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ. The bus that had already left is the cause.

(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐwe / us我们wǒ mento beat打dǎ(completed / change)了letaxi出租车chū zū chē，是因为shì yīn wèilast bus or train末班车mò bān chēalready已经yǐ jīngto go (of car, train etc)开走kāi zǒu(completed / change)了le。

Alasan kami memesan taksi adalah karena bus sudah berangkat. Urutan ini juga dapat diterima: subjek berada di dalam hasil. Kalimat yang menjadikan taksi sebagai penyebab bus pergi mengubah fakta.

4. teacher in charge of a class班主任bān zhǔ rèn(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐto arrange安排ān pái(completed / change)了leself-introduction自我介绍zì wǒ jiè shào，to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi leto let / make让ràngnew新xīnto study at the same school同学tóng xuéto know认识rèn shíeach other彼此bǐ cǐ。

Guru kelas mengatur perkenalan diri agar siswa baru saling mengenal. Perkenalan diri adalah hasilnya. to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le memperkenalkan tujuan: siswa baru saling mengenal. Kalimat lain dapat diterima jika tetap menggunakan new新xīnto study at the same school同学tóng xué, self-introduction自我介绍zì wǒ jiè shào, dan each other彼此bǐ cǐ, memakai to be / is是shìin order to为了wèi le, dan tetap menempatkan hasil di awal.

5. A. park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuán(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐadornment装zhuāng(completed / change)了lestreet lamp路灯lù dēng，是因为shì yīn wèismall小xiǎoon the road路上lù shàng出过chū guò两次liǎng cìsmall小xiǎounexpected意外yì wài。

Puskesmas memasang lampu jalan karena di jalan kecil pernah terjadi dua kali kecelakaan. Lampu jalan adalah hasil nyata, dan kedua kecelakaan tersebut adalah penyebab nyata, sehingga 是因为shì yīn wèi sesuai. B memberikan tujuan yang justru membuat jalur menjadi lebih gelap. C menggambarkan jalur tanpa kecelakaan dan tanpa lampu.

6. community社区shè qūclinic诊所zhěn suǒ(after a noun N and before…之所以zhī suǒ yǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎearly morning早上zǎo shàng(modifier / structural particle)的deto open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén(concept of) time时间shí jiānto shift to an earlier date提前tí qián(completed / change)了le，是因为shì yīn wèi很多hěn duōhead of a household家长jiā zhǎngonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒuto go to work上班shàng bānfront前qiántalent才能cái néngto come来lái。

Puskesmas memajukan jam buka pagi karena banyak orang tua hanya bisa datang sebelum bekerja. Jam pagi yang lebih awal adalah hasilnya. Keterbatasan orang tua adalah penyebabnya. Kalimat dengan morning上午shàng wǔ menggantikan early morning早上zǎo shàng juga boleh, selama orang tua dan pagi tetap ada, serta hasil masih muncul di awal.