Learning · Aprendizaje
| English | Español |
|---|---|
| negative reinforcement/ˈneɡətɪv ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | refuerzo negativo |
| reinforcement/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | refuerzo |
| punishment/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ | castigo |
| classical conditioning/ˈklæsɪkl kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ | condicionamiento clásico |
| operant conditioning/ˈɒpərənt kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ | condicionamiento operante |
| observational learning/ɒbzəˈveɪʃənl ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | aprendizaje observacional |
| development/dɪˈveləpmənt/ | desarrollo |
Removing a noise can increase an action
- In a fictional observation, fastening a seat belt stops a buzzer, and fastening happens sooner on later occasions. Removal and increased behaviour are separate parts of the account.
- Negative reinforcement 负强化 removes a stimulus and increases the behaviour. Negative describes removal, not disapproval.
A dog salivates at a bell that has always come before food. Which is it? · Un perro saliva ante una campana que siempre ha venido antes de la comida. ¿Cuál es?
An association between two stimuli, not a consequence of the dog's own behaviour. · Una asociación entre dos estímulos, no una consecuencia del propio comportamiento del perro.
Read both axes of a consequence
- Reinforcement 强化 increases future behaviour; punishment 惩罚 decreases it. Positive adds a stimulus and negative removes one.
- Classify by the observed effect as well as what happened. Intended praise is not established as reinforcement merely because it sounds pleasant.
A student hands in homework and the nagging stops. The behaviour increases. What is this? · Un estudiante entrega la tarea y las quejas cesan. La conducta aumenta. ¿Qué es esto?
Something unpleasant was removed and the behaviour went up: removal plus increase is negative reinforcement. · Se eliminó algo desagradable y la conducta aumentó: eliminación más aumento es refuerzo negativo.
Match each word to what it tells you. · Asocia cada palabra con lo que te indica.
Read the label in two halves and every one of the four combinations becomes readable. · Lee la etiqueta en dos mitades y cada una de las cuatro combinaciones se vuelve legible.
Separate stimulus pairing from consequences
- Classical conditioning 经典条件作用 links stimuli, such as a bell paired with food before later salivation to the bell. Operant conditioning 操作性条件作用 concerns consequences of behaviour.
- The same setting can involve both processes. Identify the particular response and relation the question asks about instead of forcing the whole event into one box.
Consider learning by observing
- Observational learning 观察学习 can occur through watching others. Direct reward to the observer is not always required, and seeing an action does not guarantee copying it.
- Development 发展 includes change across life. Stage theories are proposed models; not every aspect of development follows one fixed sequence or age.
Give an everyday example of negative reinforcement and say why it is not punishment. · Da un ejemplo cotidiano de refuerzo negativo y explica por qué no es un castigo.
Example: "You fasten the seatbelt and the alarm stops, so you buckle up sooner next time — the behaviour increases." · Ejemplo: "Te abrochas el cinturón y la alarma se detiene, así que te abrocharás antes la próxima vez —la conducta aumenta."
A privilege is removed after interruptions, and interruptions decrease. Which label fits?
Removal gives negative; decreased interruptions give punishment. Both parts are needed.
Test the classification
- If a privilege is removed and the target behaviour decreases, the stated observation fits negative punishment. If no decrease is observed, do not classify from intention alone.
- Describe the target behaviour, added or removed stimulus and later change. The diagram organises definitions, not a recommendation to punish classmates.
Describe the target behaviour, added or removed stimulus and later change. The diagram organises definitions, not a recommendation to punish classmates.
If praise did not increase the behaviour, it was still a reinforcer because it was pleasant. · Si los elogios no aumentaron la conducta, aún fue un reforzador porque era agradable.
A reinforcer is defined by its effect, not by the intention or how pleasant it seems. · Un reforzador se define por su efecto, no por la intención o lo agradable que parezca.