Sources, analysis and a reasoned conclusion · 来源、分析及有理有据的结论
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| relevance/ˈrelɪvəns/ | 相关性 | xiāng guān xìng |
| inference/ˈɪnfərəns/ | 推论 | tuī lùn |
| limitation/ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn/ | 局限 | jú xiàn |
A source answers part of a question
- For each source, ask who produced it, when and for what purpose. A company’s sales report and an independent survey may offer different kinds of evidence.
- Judge relevance 相关性 before collecting more material. A reliable source about a different question may add little to your argument.
一个来源只能回答部分问题
- 针对每个来源，都要询问其制作者、制作时间及目的。公司的销售报告与独立调查可能提供不同类型的证据。
- 在收集更多材料之前先判断相关性 相关性。关于不同问题的可靠来源对你的论点可能贡献甚微。
Compare rather than count
- Two articles may repeat the same original report. They are not two independent confirmations simply because they appear on different websites.
- Check where sources agree, where they differ and which methods explain the difference. A disagreement can be useful evidence to analyse.
进行比较而非简单计数
- 两篇文章可能引用了同一份原始报告。它们并非两个独立的确认依据，不能仅仅因为它们出现在不同的网站上。
- 检查来源之间的一致点与分歧点，并分析哪种方法导致了差异。观点不一致本身也可作为有价值的分析证据。
Two websites copying one report provide two independent studies. · 两个网站转载同一份报告，即构成两项独立研究。
Both websites depend on the same original evidence. · 两个网站均依赖同一原始证据。
Separate evidence from inference
- “Four sites had higher concentrations” reports a result. “Run-off from the farm caused the difference” is an inference 推论 that needs further support.
- Explain the steps linking evidence to your answer. Consider competing explanations and state what your method cannot distinguish.
将证据与推论区分开来
- “四个地点的浓度较高”是对结果的报告。“农场的径流导致了这一差异”则是需要进一步支持的推论 推论。
- 阐明从证据到答案的逻辑步骤。考虑竞争性解释，并说明你的方法无法区分的因素。
Which statement is an inference rather than a reported measurement? · 哪一项陈述是推论而非实测数据？
The causal explanation goes beyond the reported measurements. · 因果解释超出了已报告的测量范围。
Make borrowing visible
- Mark quotations as quotations and cite the original source. When you paraphrase, write the idea in your own words and still credit the source.
- Keep references as you research. Trying to reconstruct them after writing makes mistakes more likely and hides where ideas came from.
确保引用来源清晰可见
- 引用原文时必须标明引号并注明原始出处。进行改写时，要用自己的话表达该观点，同时仍需注明出处。
- 在研究过程中随时保留参考文献。试图在写作完成后重新构建引用容易导致错误，并掩盖观点的来源。
A paraphrase in your own words never needs a citation. · 用自己的话改写无需引用出处。
The source of an idea still needs credit even when its wording changes. · 即使措辞改变，观点的来源仍需注明出处。
Let the conclusion match the evidence
- Answer the research question directly, using the strongest findings developed in the essay. Do not introduce a new unsupported claim in the final paragraph.
- A limitation 局限 can narrow the answer without making the work worthless. Explain what you can conclude, how confidently and what further evidence would help.
让结论与证据相匹配
- 直接回答研究问题，使用论文中得出的最有力发现。不要在最后一段引入新的无依据主张。
- 局限 局限可以缩小答案范围而不使作品失去价值。解释你能得出什么结论、置信度如何以及哪些进一步证据会有所帮助。
What belongs in the conclusion? · 结论中应该包含什么？
A conclusion should follow from the essay’s argument and acknowledge its limits. · 结论应源于文章的论证，并承认其局限性。
Match each term to its role in this lesson. · 将每个术语与其在本课中的作用相匹配。
The distinctions help you explain your decisions clearly. · 这些区分有助于你清晰地阐述自己的决策依据。
Which statements reflect sound use of sources? · 哪些陈述反映了对来源的正确使用？
Choose actions supported by the evidence and the purpose of the task; reject shortcuts that hide limitations or invent information. · 选择有证据支持且符合任务目标的行为；拒绝掩盖局限性或编造信息的捷径。
Three news articles cite the same survey. Their agreement may show a widely reported result, but the essay still has one original survey to evaluate, not three independent surveys.
三篇新闻报道引用了同一项调查。它们的共识可能表明这是一个被广泛报道的结果，但论文仍需评估一项原始调查，而非三项独立调查。
A source’s reputation cannot replace checking whether its evidence addresses your particular question.
来源的声誉不能替代核查其证据是否针对你的特定问题。
Judge relevance and independence, explain the reasoning from evidence to inference, credit borrowed ideas and keep the conclusion within the method’s limits.
判断相关性和独立性，阐明从证据到推论的推理过程，注明借用观点，并将结论保持在方法的限制范围内。