Economic inquiry and choices · 经济探究与选择
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| normative/ˈnɔːmətɪv/ | 规范性的 | guī fàn xìng de |
| opportunity cost/ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti kɒst/ | 机会成本 | jī huì chéng běn |
A decision you can investigate
- A news report says a new rail line is efficient; a comment says it is unfair.
- These claims ask different questions about resource use and distribution.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 新闻报道称一条新铁路线效率高；而评论则认为它不公平。
- 这些主张针对资源使用与分配提出了不同的问题。
Build the explanation
- A positive statement can be tested against evidence; a normative 规范性的 statement includes a value judgement.
- Models simplify reality to reveal mechanisms; explain which assumptions make the mechanism plausible.
构建解释
- 实证陈述可以通过证据进行检验；规范性陈述包含价值判断。
- 模型简化现实以揭示机制；请解释哪些假设使该机制具有合理性。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Economic inquiry and choices. · 在经济探究与选择的特定语境中使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- Building the rail line uses land and labour that could support another project. Its opportunity cost 机会成本 is the benefit of the best rejected project.
- Assess efficiency and equity separately before considering trade-offs between them.
梳理证据
- 修建铁路线占用了本可用于其他项目的土地和劳动力。其机会成本是被放弃的最佳替代方案的收益。
- 在考虑效率与公平之间的权衡之前，应分别评估这两者。
Which statement is normative? · 下列哪项表述属于规范性判断？
Building the rail line uses land and labour that could support another project. Its opportunity cost is the benefit of the best rejected project. Assess efficiency and equity separately before considering trade-offs between them. · 修建铁路线占用了本可用于其他项目的土地和劳动力。其机会成本是被放弃的最佳替代方案的收益。在考虑效率与公平之间的权衡之前，应分别评估这两者。
Test the limits
- Do not label every uncertain forecast normative. A forecast may still be testable.
- Explain assumptions such as other factors remaining constant before transferring a model to a real case.
测试极限
- 不要将所有不确定的预测都贴上规范性的标签。预测仍然可能接受检验。
- 将模型应用于实际案例之前，请解释诸如“其他因素保持不变”等假设。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
Do not label every uncertain forecast normative. A forecast may still be testable. Explain assumptions such as other factors remaining constant before transferring a model to a real case. · 不要将所有不确定的预测都贴上规范性的标签。预测仍然可能接受检验。将模型应用于实际案例之前，请解释诸如“其他因素保持不变”等假设。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Explain assumptions such as other factors remaining constant before transferring a model to a real case. · 在将模型应用于实际案例之前，需解释诸如“其他条件不变”等假设前提。
Apply and explain your answer
- Which statement is normative?
- The rail project should prioritise equality over profit.
应用并解释你的答案
- 哪一项陈述是规范性的？
- 铁路项目应将平等置于利润之上。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Use the terms precisely
- normative: Containing a judgement about what ought to be.
- opportunity cost: The benefit of the next-best alternative forgone.
精确使用术语
- 规范性：包含对“应当如何”的判断。
- opportunity cost: 被放弃的次佳替代方案的收益。
Building the rail line uses land and labour that could support another project. Its opportunity cost is the benefit of the best rejected project. Assess efficiency and equity separately before considering trade-offs between them.
Do not label every uncertain forecast normative. A forecast may still be testable. Explain assumptions such as other factors remaining constant before transferring a model to a real case.
A positive statement can be tested against evidence; a normative statement includes a value judgement.
修建铁路线占用了本可用于其他项目的土地和劳动力。其机会成本是被放弃的最佳替代方案的收益。在考虑效率与公平之间的权衡之前，应分别评估这两者。
不要将所有不确定的预测都贴上规范性的标签。预测仍然可能接受检验。将模型应用于实际案例之前，请解释诸如“其他因素保持不变”等假设。
实证陈述可以通过证据进行检验；规范性陈述包含价值判断。