Demand, supply and policy · 需求、供给与政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| tax incidence/tæks ˈɪnsɪdəns/ | 税负归宿 | shuì fù guī sù |
| price elasticity/praɪs ɪlæˈstɪsɪti/ | 价格弹性 | jià gé tán xìng |
A decision you can investigate
- A tax raises the cost of a popular drink. Sellers and buyers both bear part of the burden.
- The legal taxpayer is not necessarily the person bearing the economic burden.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 一种税提高了某种热门饮料的成本。卖方和买方共同承担部分税负。
- 法定纳税人不一定是实际承担经济负担的人。
Build the explanation
- Demand and supply determine market equilibrium; elasticity measures responsiveness.
- A specific tax shifts supply upward by the tax per unit in the standard competitive model.
构建解释
- 需求与供给决定市场均衡；弹性衡量响应程度。
- 在标准竞争模型中，从量税使供给曲线向上平移等于单位税额的距离。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Demand, supply and policy. · 在需求、供给和政策的特定语境中使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- If consumers pay 12 after a tax and producers receive 9, the tax wedge is 3. Compared with an original price of 10, buyers bear 2 and sellers bear 1.
- Consumer payment equals producer receipt plus the tax: 12 = 9 + 3.
梳理证据
- 如果税后消费者支付 12，生产者收到 9，则税收楔子为 3。与原价格 10 相比，买方承担 2，卖方承担 1。
- 消费者支付额等于生产者实收额加上税额：12 = 9 + 3。
Who bears more of this tax compared with the original price? · 与原价格相比，谁承担了更多的税负？
If consumers pay 12 after a tax and producers receive 9, the tax wedge is 3. Compared with an original price of 10, buyers bear 2 and sellers bear 1. Consumer payment equals producer receipt plus the tax: 12 = 9 + 3. · 如果税后消费者支付 12，生产者收到 9，则税收楔子为 3。与原价格 10 相比，买方承担 2，卖方承担 1。消费者支付额等于生产者实收额加上税额：12 = 9 + 3。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
Tax incidence depends on relative elasticities, not who sends the payment to government. Evaluate effects on output, revenue, stakeholders and equity; behavioural assumptions can change responses. · 税负归宿取决于相对弹性大小，而非谁向政府缴纳税款。评估对产量、收入、利益相关者及公平性的影响；行为假设的改变可能导致结果不同。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Evaluate effects on output, revenue, stakeholders and equity; behavioural assumptions can change responses. · 评估对产出、收入、利益相关者及公平的影响；行为假设的改变可能导致不同结果。
Test the limits
- Tax incidence 税负归宿 depends on relative elasticities, not who sends the payment to government.
- Evaluate effects on output, revenue, stakeholders and equity; behavioural assumptions can change responses.
测试极限
- 税负归宿取决于相对弹性大小，而非谁向政府缴纳税款。
- 评估对产量、收入、利益相关者及公平性的影响；行为假设的改变可能导致结果不同。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Apply and explain your answer
- Who bears more of this tax compared with the original price?
- Consumers bear 2 per unit, while producers bear 1.
应用并解释你的答案
- 与原价格相比，谁承担了更多的这种税收？
- 消费者每单位承担 2，而生产者承担 1。
Use the terms precisely
- tax incidence: How the economic burden of a tax is shared.
- price elasticity 价格弹性: Responsiveness of quantity to a price change.
精确使用术语
- 税负归宿：税收经济负担如何在各方之间分配。
- 价格弹性：数量对价格变动的反应程度。
If consumers pay 12 after a tax and producers receive 9, the tax wedge is 3. Compared with an original price of 10, buyers bear 2 and sellers bear 1. Consumer payment equals producer receipt plus the tax: 12 = 9 + 3.
Tax incidence depends on relative elasticities, not who sends the payment to government. Evaluate effects on output, revenue, stakeholders and equity; behavioural assumptions can change responses.
Demand and supply determine market equilibrium; elasticity measures responsiveness.
如果税后消费者支付 12，生产者收到 9，则税收楔子为 3。与原价格 10 相比，买方承担 2，卖方承担 1。消费者支付额等于生产者实收额加上税额：12 = 9 + 3。
税负归宿取决于相对弹性大小，而非谁向政府缴纳税款。评估对产量、收入、利益相关者及公平性的影响；行为假设的改变可能导致结果不同。
需求与供给决定市场均衡；弹性衡量响应程度。