Verbal: reading and argument structure · 语文：阅读与论证结构
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| discourse/ˈdɪskɔːs/ | 语篇 | yǔ piān |
| assumption/əˈsʌmpʃn/ | 假设 | jiǎ shè |
A decision before an answer
- An argument can contain true facts and still have a missing link between its evidence and conclusion.
- Your goal: Analyse discourse and draw conclusions.
答案前的判断
- 一个论证可能包含真实的事实，但其证据与结论之间仍可能存在缺失的环节。
- 你的目标：分析语篇并得出结论。
Read the relationship
- Reading comprehension includes single-answer, select-one-or-more and sentence-selection tasks. Follow each instruction exactly.
- Distinguish assumptions, evidence and author perspective.
阅读关系
- 阅读理解包括单选题、多项选择题和句子选择任务。请严格遵循每一项指示。
- 区分假设、证据和作者观点。
“All enrolled students passed; Mei is enrolled.” What follows?
Apply the universal statement to the stated member.
Use the defining rule
- Identify the conclusion separately from observations. An assumption is an unstated bridge the argument needs.
- Select relevant points and understand text organisation.
运用定义规则
- 将结论与观察结果分开识别。假设是论证所需的未明言的连接桥梁。
- 筛选相关要点并理解文本组织结构。
A passage presents a theory then gives evidence against it. Its structure is:
Track the shift in the author’s purpose.
Check the conditions
- For select-all tasks, test each option independently. One correct option does not make the others false.
- Select relevant points and understand text organisation.
Sales rose after advertising increased. “Advertising caused the rise” assumes no sufficient alternative explanation, such as a price reduction. A passage that only reports the timing supports an association, not that causal conclusion.
检查条件
- 对于全选题，需独立测试每个选项。一个选项正确并不意味着其他选项错误。
- 筛选相关要点并理解文本组织结构。
广告增加后销售额上升。“广告导致了增长”这一说法假设不存在充分的替代解释（例如降价）。若文章仅报道时间先后，则仅支持关联性，而非因果性结论。
An unstated premise connecting evidence to a conclusion is an ____.
It is not the same as an explicitly stated fact.
Apply the task format
- An author can describe a theory before challenging it. Track whose position each sentence reports.
- Select relevant points and understand text organisation.
Graduate verbal tasks reward precise scope. Avoid an answer whose always or only overstates the passage.
应用题目格式
- 作者可以在挑战某理论之前先描述该理论。请追踪每句话所陈述的是谁的立场。
- 筛选相关要点并理解文本组织结构。
研究生 verbal 部分奖励精确的范围界定。避免选择那些使用“总是”或“仅仅”等绝对词汇而夸大原文内容的选项。
Which answer fits this case? · 哪个答案符合此案例？
Analyse discourse and draw conclusions · 分析语篇并得出结论
A select-one-or-more task always has exactly two answers.
Follow the instructions and assess every option.
Keep the distinctions
- assumption 假设 — An unstated premise needed by an argument.
- discourse 语篇 — Connected language with structure and meaning.
- Analyse discourse and draw conclusions.
- Distinguish assumptions, evidence and author perspective.
- Select relevant points and understand text organisation.
保持区别
- assumption 假设 — 论证所需的未明言的前提。
- discourse 语篇 — 具有结构和意义的连贯语言。
- 分析语篇并得出结论。
- 区分假设、证据和作者观点。
- 筛选相关要点并理解文本组织结构。
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.