Paradigms and assumptions · 范式与预设
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| paradigm/ˈpærədaɪm/ | 范式 | fàn shì |
| assumptions/əˈsʌmpʃnz/ | 假设 | jiǎ shè |
| ethnocentrism/ˈeθnəsentrɪzəm/ | 民族中心主义 | mín zú zhōng xīn zhǔ yì |
| cultural relativism/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈrelətɪvɪzəm/ | 文化相对主义 | wén huà xiāng duì zhǔ yì |
A framework shapes the question
- A paradigm 范式 is a broad framework for interpreting a social situation. Its assumptions 假设 guide what you ask and what you notice; researchers can use it explicitly.
- A motivation-focused account asks about interest. An access-focused account asks about opportunity. Neither starting explanation becomes a finding without evidence.
Why can an unexamined paradigm be difficult to notice? · 为何未被审视的范式难以被察觉？
Its assumptions may be treated as facts. Comparison and testing alternatives can reveal them; researchers can also use frameworks explicitly. · 其假设可能被当作事实对待。通过对比和检验替代方案可以揭示这些假设；研究者也可以明确使用理论框架。
Check group judgements
- Ethnocentrism 民族中心主义 treats your own group's standards as the basis for judging others. A phrase can imply a hierarchy, but inspect its context before deciding what it means.
- A person's background does not establish their behaviour or interest. Ask about the individual and the situation rather than explaining everything with a group label.
Why could “they still live in extended families” imply ethnocentrism when the speaker treats this arrangement as backward? · 为何“他们仍然住在大家庭中”在说话者将此安排视为落后时可能暗示民族中心主义？
That context treats one arrangement as a preferred direction without evidence. The word alone does not establish the judgement in every context. · 这种语境将一种安排视为优先方向却缺乏证据。单凭该词本身并不在任何语境中都确立这种判断。
Understand context before evaluating
- Cultural relativism 文化相对主义 means considering a practice in its own context. Explaining a practice is different from automatically approving it.
- State the evidence and the basis for an evaluation. Context can help explain a choice without making every choice acceptable or proving one cause.
Understanding a practice in its own context means approving of it. · 在自身语境中理解一种做法,就意味着赞同它。
Relativism is a method, not a moral position. Explanation and evaluation are different tasks. · 相对主义是方法,不是道德立场。解释与评价是两项不同的工作。
Posting is not the same measure as interest. In an invented club case, 12 of 24 members post in one seven-day forum. Seven nonposters report device problems, three report limited time and two give no reason. This is a 50% posting rate, not a measurement of disinterest. A paper route could support further investigation, but changes the participation measure.
"Young people today are less social." Name the assumption behind that claim. · "如今的年轻人更不爱社交了。"请点出这个论断背后的预设。
Example: "It assumes that being social means meeting face to face, so contact through a screen does not count." · 例如:“It assumes that being social means meeting face to face, so contact through a screen does not count.”
Name the assumption, identify its source and explain what evidence could challenge it. A wider definition can change a count. It does not prove that the underlying behaviour changed.
Put the three parts of a strong answer about an assumption in order. · 把关于预设的有力回答的三个部分排序。
Name the assumption, say whose it is and examine how the interpretation changes. This is a reasoning aid, not a promise of an official mark. · 指出该假设，说明其归属，并审视解释如何变化。这是一种推理辅助工具，而非官方分数的承诺。
“Less social” needs a stated measure and comparison. Counting only face-to-face activities excludes other contact, but that omission alone does not prove that young people are highly social. Keep both interpretations bounded by evidence.