The structure of a global issue · 全球性议题的结构
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| global issue/ˈɡləʊbl ˈɪʃuː/ | 全球性议题 | quán qiú xìng yì tí |
| shared resource/ʃeəd rɪˈzɔːs/ | 共有资源 | gòng yǒu zī yuán |
| externality/ekˈstɜːnælɪti/ | 外部性 | wài bù xìng |
| collective action problem/kəˈlektɪv ˈækʃn ˈprɒbləm/ | 集体行动问题 | jí tǐ xíng dòng wèn tí |
| development/dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 发展 | fā zhǎn |
Connect the issue to places and people
- A global issue 全球性议题 matters across societies or links places through causes, effects and responses. A local study can examine one part without explaining the whole world.
- Water access, food systems and education access involve different conditions. Identify the actual connection instead of assuming every issue has one structure.
Use concepts where they fit
- A shared resource 共有资源 is used by several groups. An externality 外部性 is an effect on others whose full cost or benefit is not reflected in an action.
- A collective action problem 集体行动问题 makes a shared benefit difficult to obtain through individual action alone. Ask who benefits, who bears a cost and what prevents cooperation; do not assume nobody is willing to act.
Which three concepts could help analyse the supplied shared-river case? Choose all that apply. · 哪三个概念有助于分析所提供的共享河流案例？请选择所有适用项。
The concepts help ask case-specific questions. They do not prove contamination, establish one universal cause or show that all global issues have the same structure. · 这些概念有助于提出案例具体问题。它们不能证明污染、确立单一普遍原因或表明所有全球问题具有相同结构。
State what an indicator measures
- Development 发展 can involve health, education, living conditions and income. One indicator describes a defined part, not the whole community.
- Check definitions, dates and distributions before comparing figures. A higher average does not show what happened to every person.
If average income is rising, most people must be getting richer. · 如果平均收入在上升,那大多数人一定在变富。
An average hides a distribution. A rising mean is compatible with most people getting poorer. · 平均值掩盖分布。均值上升与大多数人变穷可以同时成立。
Two countries have the same average income. What else must you look at? · 两个国家平均收入相同,还必须看什么?
Composite indicators exist because income alone describes very different lives identically. · 综合指标之所以存在,是因为仅看收入会把截然不同的生活描述成一样的。
A shared river, an unmeasured risk. In an invented case, A irrigates upstream and B draws household water downstream. A proposed discharge could affect B, but no tests establish contamination. Shared monitoring could inform both users. Funding and permit approval remain undecided.
Which interpretation fits the fictional river case? · 哪种解读符合虚构的河流案例？
Both users rely on the river. Actual effects require tests, and monitoring funding and permit approval remain open. · 两者均依赖河流。实际影响需要检测，且监测资金和许可证审批仍悬而未决。
In a congested road, identify the shared resource and a possible externality of an additional car. · 在拥堵的道路上，指出共享资源及额外一辆车可能产生的负外部性。
Road space is shared. In congested conditions, an additional car may add delay experienced by other users. · 道路空间是共享的。在拥堵条件下，额外一辆车可能给其他使用者增加延误。
International attention is different from achieved results. The first UN Water Conference was held in 1977; SDG 6 was adopted as part of the goals in 2015. Neither milestone proves universal water access. Sources checked 2 October 2026: UN water and sanitation.
Choose an achievable, permitted research question with traceable evidence. Do not infer present contamination, success or one universal cause from a location, a goal or a general concept.