Reading sources critically · 批判地阅读材料
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| operationalisation/ˌɒpəˌreɪʃənəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 操作化 | cāo zuò huà |
| authority/əˈθɒrɪti/ | 权威性 | quán wēi xìng |
| currency/ˈkʌrənsi/ | 时效性 | shí xiào xìng |
| bias/ˈbaɪəs/ | 偏差 | piān chā |
| missing data/ˈmɪsɪŋ ˈdeɪtə/ | 缺失数据 | quē shī shù jù |
Two percentages may measure different things
- In a fictional cohort of 100 young people, one indicator counts 8 actively seeking work, while another counts 21 outside work, education or training. The second category is broader.
- These are different indicators, not two interchangeable unemployment rates. Operationalisation 操作化 turns a concept into a defined measure.
In the fictional cohort, 8% are jobseekers and 21% are outside work, education or training. Why are these not interchangeable indicators?
The example states different categories. A real unemployment rate also needs its own labour-force denominator.
Read the source and its scope
- Authority 权威性 concerns expertise and responsibility; currency 时效性 concerns date and relevance; bias 偏差 concerns systematic distortion. None is settled by a logo alone.
- Check the producer, definition, denominator, period and method. A funder’s interest is a reason to inspect a claim, not proof that every result is false.
Match each test to the question it asks. · 把每项检验与它提出的问题配对。
Inspect expertise, date, definition, selection and interests for this claim. A source label does not prove correctness or bias.
Investigate missing observations
- Missing data 缺失数据 may have different mechanisms. Nonresponse can relate to the topic, but this must be investigated rather than assumed in every data set.
- An online-only survey may exclude people without access. Record that risk and what is known; do not invent their answers.
Missing data always occur at random.
False. Missingness can relate to the topic or other recorded factors, but its mechanism should be investigated rather than assumed.
Write one question you would ask about a survey reporting that "70% of students feel stressed". · 针对"70% 的学生感到有压力"这一调查结果,写出你会提出的一个问题。
Example: "How was 'stressed' defined in the question, and what were students actually asked?" · 例如:“How was 'stressed' defined in the question, and what were students actually asked?”
Compare like measures
- Two sources using different definitions or periods can give different values without either being false. Equal labels do not guarantee equal measures.
- The fictional 8% and 21% share a denominator but count different categories. A real unemployment rate normally needs its own defined labour-force denominator.
One indicator counts jobseekers and another counts people outside work, education or training. What should a comparison do?
The groups differ. Keep the category and denominator visible before interpreting a difference.
State the next check
- Before comparing two regions, inspect population, age limits, categories, recording practices and dates. A precise decimal is still a measurement of a definition.
- Report the indicator by its actual name and identify unresolved comparability. Definitions are one possible source of disagreement, not the explanation for every disagreement.
Report the indicator by its actual name and identify unresolved comparability. Definitions are one possible source of disagreement, not the explanation for every disagreement.
Before comparing two countries' crime figures, what must you check? · 比较两国犯罪数据之前,必须先检查什么?
Definitions and recording practices differ, and a comparison built on that is worse than none. · 定义和记录方式各不相同,建立在其上的比较比不比较更糟。