Macroeconomic objectives and policies · 宏观经济目标与政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| monetary policy/ˈmʌnɪtəri ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 货币政策 | huò bì zhèng cè |
| supply-side policy/səˈplaɪ saɪd ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 供给侧政策 | gōng jǐ cè zhèng cè |
A decision you can investigate
- A government wants lower inflation and lower unemployment at the same time.
- Whether these goals conflict depends on why prices and unemployment changed.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 政府希望同时实现降低通胀和降低失业率的目标。
- 这些目标是否相互冲突，取决于价格和失业变化的原因。
Build the explanation
- Demand-pull inflation arises when spending grows faster than productive capacity; cost-push inflation follows rising production costs.
- Fiscal, monetary and supply-side policies work through different channels and over different time periods.
构建解释
- 需求拉动型通胀产生于支出增长超过生产能力之时；成本推动型通胀则源于生产成本上升。
- 财政政策、货币政策和供给侧政策通过不同渠道发挥作用，且作用时间跨度各异。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Macroeconomic objectives and policies. · 在宏观经济目标和政策这一特定语境中使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- An interest-rate rise may reduce borrowing, spending and aggregate demand, easing demand-pull inflation.
- If inflation came from imported fuel, the policy may lower output without directly repairing the fuel shortage.
梳理证据
- 利率上升可能减少借贷、消费和总需求，从而缓解需求拉动型通胀。
- 如果通胀是由进口燃料引起的，该政策可能会降低产出，却无法直接修复燃料短缺问题。
Which information matters most when choosing an inflation policy? · 在选择通胀治理政策时，哪些信息最为关键？
An interest-rate rise may reduce borrowing, spending and aggregate demand, easing demand-pull inflation. If inflation came from imported fuel, the policy may lower output without directly repairing the fuel shortage. · 利率上升可能会减少借贷、支出和总需求，从而缓解需求拉动型通货膨胀。如果通胀源于进口燃料，该政策可能在未直接解决燃料短缺的情况下降低产出。
Test the limits
- Do not write that higher rates always reduce inflation immediately.
- Compare effectiveness, exchange-rate effects, indebted households, confidence and lags before reaching a conditional judgement.
测试极限
- 不要表述为“利率升高总能立即降低通胀”。
- 在得出有条件判断之前，请比较有效性、汇率影响、负债家庭、信心以及时间滞后等因素。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
Do not write that higher rates always reduce inflation immediately. Compare effectiveness, exchange-rate effects, indebted households, confidence and lags before reaching a conditional judgement. · 不要断言高利率总是能立即抑制通胀。在得出条件性判断之前，请比较其有效性、汇率效应、有负债家庭的状况、信心以及时间滞后。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Compare effectiveness, exchange-rate effects, indebted households, confidence and lags before reaching a conditional judgement. · 在做出有条件判断之前，请比较政策的有效性、汇率影响、家庭债务水平、信心指数以及时滞因素。
Apply and explain your answer
- Which information matters most when choosing an inflation policy?
- Whether inflation is driven mainly by excess demand or rising costs.
应用并解释你的答案
- 在选择通胀政策时，哪类信息最为关键？
- 通胀主要是由超额需求驱动还是由成本上升驱动。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Use the terms precisely
- monetary policy 货币政策: Policy influencing interest rates and monetary conditions.
- supply-side policy 供给侧政策: Policy aimed at improving productive capacity or efficiency.
精确使用术语
- monetary policy 货币政策：影响利率及货币条件的政策。
- supply-side policy 供给侧政策：旨在提升生产能力或效率的政策。
An interest-rate rise may reduce borrowing, spending and aggregate demand, easing demand-pull inflation. If inflation came from imported fuel, the policy may lower output without directly repairing the fuel shortage.
Do not write that higher rates always reduce inflation immediately. Compare effectiveness, exchange-rate effects, indebted households, confidence and lags before reaching a conditional judgement.
Demand-pull inflation arises when spending grows faster than productive capacity; cost-push inflation follows rising production costs.
利率上升可能会减少借贷、支出和总需求，从而缓解需求拉动型通货膨胀。如果通胀源于进口燃料，该政策可能在未直接解决燃料短缺的情况下降低产出。
不要断言高利率总是能立即抑制通胀。在得出条件性判断之前，请比较其有效性、汇率效应、有负债家庭的状况、信心以及时间滞后。
当支出增长快于生产能力时，就会产生需求拉动型通货膨胀；而成本推动型通货膨胀则是由于生产成本上升所致。