AQA · GCSE · 生物

1 Cell measurements and scale 2 Osmosis and a fair potato experiment 3 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes: location of genetic material 4 Cell structures: explain a function for every label 5 Specialized cells: connect a feature to the task 6 Differentiation: a developing cell gains a particular role 7 Microscopy: magnification and resolution answer different questions 8 Culturing microorganisms: growth and contamination are separate 9 Zones of inhibition: measure radius and control the comparison 10 Chromosomes, genes and DNA: keep the levels distinct 11 The cell cycle: prepare, divide the nucleus, divide the cell 12 Stem cells: compare potential, matching and ethical choices 13 Diffusion: random motion can give directional net transfer 14 Exchange surfaces: small size and thin barriers matter 15 Osmosis: mass changes and rates use different denominators 16 Active transport: uptake against the gradient needs energy

1 Digestion, transport and health evidence 2 Organisation: several tissues can form one organ 3 Digestion: make soluble products, then absorb them 4 Food tests: identify the tested group and the observation 5 Amylase and pH: define the endpoint before comparing rates 6 Double circulation: the heart pumps to lungs and body 7 Blood vessels: structure fits pressure and exchange 8 Blood: a tissue with several transport and defence roles 9 Cardiovascular treatment: match the intervention to the problem 10 Health evidence: physical and mental well-being interact 11 Risk factors: a population association is not a prediction of certainty 12 Tumours: location and spread distinguish the models 13 A leaf is an organ: tissue layers have different tasks 14 Plant transport: water loss draws water through xylem

1 Disease transmission and immune response 2 Pathogens: distinguish spread from damage 3 Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus 4 Salmonella and gonorrhoea: route-specific control 5 Rose black spot: loss of working leaf area 6 Malaria: interrupt a vector’s role 7 Barriers and white blood cells 8 Vaccination: a faster specific response 9 Antibiotics and symptom relief have different targets 10 Discovering and testing medicines 11 Monoclonal antibodies: one clone, one binding target 12 Antibody specificity in tests, research and treatment 13 Plant infection, pests and mineral deficiency 14 Plant diagnosis: symptoms need confirmation 15 Plants defend themselves in several ways

1 Photosynthesis and limiting factors 2 Respiration, ATP and energy transfers 3 Photosynthesis: energy enters through light 4 Measure photosynthesis rate fairly 5 Higher Tier: interacting factors and greenhouse decisions 6 Where the glucose goes 7 Compare three respiration equations 8 Exercise increases oxygen delivery demand 9 Higher Tier: lactic acid and recovery 10 Metabolism links building and breaking down

1 Feedback and internal conditions 2 Homeostasis: detect a change and respond 3 A reflex arc: rapid automatic coordination 4 Required practical 7: reaction time and fair comparison 5 Brain regions have different functions 6 Higher Tier: evidence about brain function 7 The eye detects light and controls its entry 8 Accommodation: near and distant objects 9 Eye defects: restore focus to the retina 10 Temperature control: detect hot and cold 11 Higher Tier: explain heating and cooling mechanisms 12 Endocrine coordination: blood carries the message 13 Insulin and two different diabetes models 14 Higher Tier: opposing responses stabilize glucose 15 Kidneys: filtration and selective reabsorption 16 Higher Tier: ADH and nitrogen waste 17 Dialysis and transplant: compare evidence and burdens 18 Reproductive hormones: named roles before interactions 19 Higher Tier: hormones interact across the cycle 20 Contraception: mechanisms and evidence 21 Higher Tier: fertility hormones and IVF 22 Higher Tier: thyroxine feedback and adrenaline response 23 Seedling responses: unequal growth makes a bend 24 Higher Tier: germination and fruit ripening signals 25 Higher Tier: controlling plant growth commercially

1 Inheritance, variation and probability 2 Sexual and asexual reproduction: what joins? 3 Meiosis halves; fertilisation restores 4 Reproductive advantages depend on conditions 5 DNA, genes and the whole genome 6 DNA nucleotides and the order of information 7 Higher Tier: sequence, protein shape and gene expression 8 Alleles, genotype and phenotype: read a cross 9 Higher Tier: construct a genetic cross from evidence 10 Inherited disorders and screening judgements 11 Chromosome inheritance in the XX/XY model 12 Variation: inherited information and environment 13 Natural selection changes a population over generations 14 Selective breeding: repeat selection, retain the risks 15 Genetic engineering: trait, evidence and trade-offs 16 Higher Tier: isolate, insert and transfer a gene 17 Cloning routes: identify the genetic source 18 Darwin’s explanation and why acceptance took time 19 Wallace and the separation of populations 20 Mendel’s units and later chromosome evidence 21 Evolutionary evidence: independent lines support an explanation 22 Fossils, preservation and an incomplete record 23 Extinction: no surviving individuals 24 Antibiotic resistance: selection acts on bacteria 25 Classification, domains and evolutionary trees

1 Sampling populations without choosing the answer 2 Communities: competition and interdependence 3 Abiotic factors: use the context to explain change 4 Biotic factors: changing living relationships 5 Adaptations: feature, effect and environmental advantage 6 Food chains and predator–prey cycles 7 Required practical 9: abundance and distribution 8 Carbon cycles through living and non-living stores 9 Water cycle: evaporation is not disappearance 10 Required practical 10: conditions and decay rate 11 Higher Tier: environmental change shifts distributions 12 Biodiversity: count species, explain resilience 13 Waste and pollution: trace the exposure route 14 Land use and peat: habitat and carbon consequences 15 Deforestation: land demand and ecological effects 16 Global warming: biological effects and evidence 17 Maintaining biodiversity: evaluate a programme 18 Trophic levels and extracellular decomposition 19 Draw a biomass pyramid to a stated scale 20 Biomass transfer: account for losses 21 Food security: production, access and pressures 22 Intensive farming: efficiency and welfare 23 Sustainable fisheries: allow breeding to continue 24 Biotechnology: controlled culture and useful products