Connecting Linear and Rotational Motion · 连接直线运动和转动运动
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| tangential velocity/tænˈdʒenʃl vəˈlɒsɪti/ | 切向速度 | qiè xiàng sù dù |
| tangential acceleration/tænˈdʒenʃl əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ | 切向加速度 | qiè xiàng jiā sù dù |
| rigid body/ˈrɪdʒɪd ˈbɒdi/ | 刚体 | gāng tǐ |
The edge outruns the middle
- Stand at the centre of a spinning merry-go-round and you barely move.
- Stand at the edge and you are flung along fast.
- Same spin, yet wildly different speeds -- it all depends on how far out you are.
- One simple link connects the turning to the travelling.
边缘跑得比中心快
- 站在旋转木马的中心,你几乎不动。
- 站在边缘,你就被快速甩着走。
- 同样的旋转,速度却天差地别——全看你在多远处。
- 一个简单的联系把"转动"和"平动"连了起来。
Linear speed from spin
- A point at radius $r$ moves with tangential velocity 切向速度 $v = \omega r$.
- Farther from the axis means faster -- the outer edge wins.
- Every point shares the same $\omega$, but their linear speeds differ.
由转速得到线速度
- 半径 $r$ 处的一点以切向速度 $v = \omega r$ 运动。
- 离轴越远越快——外边缘胜出。
- 每个点都共享相同的 $\omega$,但它们的线速度不同。
A wheel of radius $0.5\ \text{m}$ spins at $\omega = 8\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$. The linear speed of a rim point (in m/s)? · 一个半径为 $0.5\ \text{m}$ 的轮子以 $\omega = 8\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$ 旋转。边缘点的线速度是多少(单位:m/s)?
$v = \omega r = 8 \times 0.5 = 4\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$.
On a spinning disk, a point farther from the axis has a higher linear speed. · 在旋转的圆盘上,离轴较远的点具有更高的线速度。
$v = \omega r$ grows with $r$, so outer points move faster. · $v = \omega r$ 随 $r$ 增大,因此外缘点移动得更快。
A turntable spins at $\omega = 10\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$. A point at $r = 0.2\ \text{m}$ has what linear speed (in m/s)? · 一个转盘以 $\omega = 10\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$ 旋转。位于 $r = 0.2\ \text{m}$ 处的点具有什么线速度(单位:m/s)?
$v = \omega r = 10 \times 0.2 = 2\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$.
Two kinds of acceleration
- Speeding up the spin gives a tangential acceleration 切向加速度 $a_t = \alpha r$, along the motion.
- Turning in a circle also gives a centripetal acceleration $v^2/r$, pointing inward.
- A point that is both circling and speeding up has both at once.
两种加速度
- 加快转速会产生切向加速度 $a_t = \alpha r$,沿运动方向。
- 在圆周上转弯也会产生向心加速度 $v^2/r$,指向内。
- 一个既在绕圈又在加快的点,同时具有这两者。
The acceleration along the direction of motion of a rim point is $a_t = ____\, r$. · 边缘点沿运动方向的加速度是 $a_t = ____\, r$。
Tangential acceleration is $a_t = \alpha r$, mirroring $v = \omega r$. · 切向加速度是 $a_t = \alpha r$,对应于 $v = \omega r$。
A rigid body
- A rigid body 刚体 turns all together -- every point keeps its distance from the axis.
- So all points share one $\omega$ and one $\alpha$.
- Their linear speeds simply scale with their radius $r$.
刚体
- 刚体整体一起转动——每个点与轴的距离保持不变。
- 所以所有点共享一个 $\omega$ 和一个 $\alpha$。
- 它们的线速度只是随半径 $r$ 成比例。
Linear from rotational · 从旋转到线性
A point on a spinning body moves faster the farther it is from the axis: v = r times omega. · 旋转体上的点离轴越远移动越快:v = r 乘以 omega。
Two points on the same rigid spinning disk, at different radii, share the same... · 同一刚性旋转盘上的两个点,位于不同的半径处,共享相同的...
A rigid body turns as one, so every point has the same $\omega$. Linear speed differs with radius. · 刚体作为一个整体转动,所以每一点都有相同的 $\omega$。线速度随半径不同而不同。
Where it shows up
- Rolling wheels: the contact point, the axle, and the top all move at different linear speeds.
- Pulleys: the rope's linear speed equals $\omega r$ of the pulley's rim.
- Gears: teeth mesh at equal linear speed, so a small gear spins faster.
它出现在哪里
- 滚动的轮子:接触点、轴心和顶部的线速度各不相同。
- 滑轮:绳的线速度等于滑轮边缘的 $\omega r$。
- 齿轮:齿以相等的线速度啮合,所以小齿轮转得更快。
Select all · 所有 true statements for a point on a spinning rigid body. · 选择关于旋转刚体上一点的所有真命题。
$v = \omega r$ and all points share $\omega$; linear speeds differ with radius, so the third is false. · $v = \omega r$ 和所有点共享 $\omega$;线速度随半径不同而不同,所以第三个是错误的。
A merry-go-round turns at $\omega = 2\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$.
- A child at $r = 3\ \text{m}$ moves at $v = \omega r = 6\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$.
- A child at $r = 1\ \text{m}$ moves at only $2\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$ -- same spin, three times slower.
一个旋转木马以 $\omega = 2\ \tfrac{\text{rad}}{\text{s}}$ 转动。
- 在 $r = 3\ \text{m}$ 处的孩子以 $v = \omega r = 6\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$ 运动。
- 在 $r = 1\ \text{m}$ 处的孩子只以 $2\ \tfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$ 运动——同样的旋转,慢了三倍。
Do not confuse angular and linear speed. Two riders on the same turntable have the same $\omega$ but different $v$. Only the linear speed depends on the radius; the angular speed is shared by the whole body.
不要把角速度和线速度弄混。同一转盘上的两个人有相同的 $\omega$,却有不同的 $v$。只有线速度取决于半径;角速度由整个物体共享。
A point on a spinning rigid body has tangential velocity $v = \omega r$ and tangential acceleration $a_t = \alpha r$. Every point shares one $\omega$ and $\alpha$, but linear speed grows with radius -- the outer edge moves fastest. This links wheels, pulleys, and gears.
旋转刚体上的一点具有切向速度 $v = \omega r$ 和切向加速度 $a_t = \alpha r$。每个点共享一个 $\omega$ 和 $\alpha$,但线速度随半径增大——外边缘运动最快。这把轮子、滑轮和齿轮联系起来。