Ampère's Law · 安培环路定理
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Ampère's law/ˈæmpeəz lɔː/ | 安培定律 | ān péi dìng lǜ |
| Amperian loop/æmˈpɪərɪən luːp/ | 安培环路 | ān péi huán lù |
Gauss's law has a magnetic cousin — a shortcut for B
- Adding up Biot–Savart pieces for a whole coil is hard work.
- When the field is symmetric, there is a one-line shortcut.
- Ampère's law 安培定律 links the field around a loop to the current through it.
- It plays the same role for $B$ that Gauss's law plays for $E$.
高斯定律有个磁学表亲——求 B 的捷径
- 为整个线圈把毕奥-萨伐尔的碎片加起来是件苦差事。
- 当场对称时,有一条一行的捷径。
- 安培定律把绕回路的场与穿过它的电流联系起来。
- 它对 $B$ 起的作用,就像高斯定律对 $E$ 起的作用。
Ampère's law plays the same role for the magnetic field that ____ plays for the electric field. · 安培环路定理对于磁场的角色,相当于____对于电场的角色。
Both are symmetry shortcuts: Gauss for E, Ampère for B. · 两者都是对称性捷径:高斯定律用于E,安培环路定理用于B。
The law itself
- Around any closed loop: $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}}$.
- The left side sums the field along the loop; the right is the enclosed current.
- Only the current threading the loop counts.
- Choose the loop cleverly and $B$ pops right out.
定律本身
- 绕任何闭合回路:$\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}}$。
- 左边把场沿回路求和;右边是所围电流。
- 只有穿过回路的电流计入。
- 巧妙地选回路,$B$ 就直接跳出来。

In Ampère's law, the field summed around a loop equals: · 在安培环路定理中,围绕回路累加的磁场等于:
$\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}}$.
Only enclosed current matters
- A current outside the loop adds nothing to the line integral.
- Its field goes around one side of the loop and back on the other — it cancels.
- So the right side counts only $I_{\text{enc}}$, the current passing through.
- Same idea as Gauss's law, with current in place of charge.
只有所围电流重要
- 回路外的电流对线积分没有贡献。
- 它的场从回路一侧绕过、从另一侧回来——相互抵消。
- 所以右边只计入 $I_{\text{enc}}$,即穿过的电流。
- 与高斯定律同样的想法,用电流代替电荷。
A current outside an Amperian loop contributes nothing to the line integral of B. · 安培环路之外的电流对B的线积分没有贡献。
Only the enclosed current counts; outside current cancels around the loop. · 只有被包围的电流有贡献;外部电流在回路周围相互抵消。
Pick an Amperian loop with the symmetry
- Straight wire → a circular Amperian loop 安培环路 around it.
- Solenoid → a rectangular loop through its side.
- Choose it so $B$ is constant and along (or across) each part of the loop.
- Then $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell$ becomes a simple $B \times (\text{length})$.
选一个符合对称的安培环路
- 直导线 → 绕它的一个圆形安培环路。
- 螺线管 → 穿过它侧面的一个矩形回路。
- 选它使 $B$ 恒定,并沿(或横穿)回路的每一部分。
- 于是 $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell$ 变成简单的 $B \times L$(长度为 $L$)。
Which current is enclosed? · 哪部分电流被包围?
Ampère's law uses only the current threading the loop. Sort each wire. · 安培环路定理仅使用穿过回路的电流。对每根导线进行分类。
The closed path you integrate B around is called an ____ loop. · 你积分B所经过的闭合路径称为____回路。
It is an Amperian loop, chosen to match the symmetry. · 它是一个安培回路,是为了匹配对称性而选择的。
Select all · 所有 true statements about Ampère's law. · 选择关于安培环路定理的所有正确陈述。
Always true, best with symmetry, enclosed current only — around a closed loop. · 总是成立,配合对称性效果最佳,仅考虑被包围的电流——且必须沿闭合回路。
Fast, clean results
- Around a straight wire: $B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}$ — recovered in one line.
- Inside a long solenoid: $B = \mu_0 n I$, where $n$ is turns per metre.
- Inside a toroid, the field is neatly confined to the ring.
- Each drops out of Ampère's law with almost no algebra.
又快又干净的结果
- 绕直导线:$B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}$——一行就得出。
- 在长螺线管内部:$B = \mu_0 n I$,$n$ 是每米匝数。
- 在环形螺线管内部,场整齐地约束在环内。
- 每一个都从安培定律中几乎不用代数就得出。
Ampère's law gives the field inside a long solenoid as: · 安培环路定理给出长螺线管内部的磁场为:
Inside a solenoid $B = \mu_0 n I$ ($n$ = turns per metre). · 螺线管内部$B = \mu_0 n I$($n$ = 每米匝数)。
Use a circular Amperian loop of radius $r$ around a straight wire carrying $I$.
- Symmetry: $\oint B\,d\ell = B(2\pi r)$.
- Set equal to $\mu_0 I$: $B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}$ — the straight-wire result.
用一个半径 $r$ 的圆形安培环路绕一根携带 $I$ 的直导线。
- 由对称:$\oint B\,d\ell = B(2\pi r)$。
- 令它等于 $\mu_0 I$:$B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}$——直导线的结果。
Like Gauss's law, Ampère's law is always true but only useful when symmetry makes $B$ constant along your loop. And only the enclosed current counts — a nearby wire outside the loop changes $B$ but adds nothing to $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell$.
像高斯定律一样,安培定律永远成立,但只有当对称使 $B$ 沿你的回路恒定时才有用。而且只有所围电流计入——回路外的邻近导线会改变 $B$,却对 $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell$ 没有贡献。
Ampère's law says $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}}$ — the field around a loop depends only on the enclosed current. Pick an Amperian loop matching the symmetry to read $B$ off in one step (straight wire $\mu_0 I/2\pi r$, solenoid $\mu_0 n I$).
安培定律说 $\oint \vec B \cdot d\vec\ell = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}}$——绕回路的场只取决于所围电流。选一个符合对称的安培环路,一步读出 $B$(直导线 $\mu_0 I/2\pi r$,螺线管 $\mu_0 n I$)。