Defining Continuity at a Point · 定义函数在某点的连续性
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| continuous/kənˈtɪnjuːəs/ | 连续 | lián xù |
"Draw it without lifting your pen"
- Intuitively, a function is continuous 连续 at $c$ if its graph has no break there — no hole, no jump, no blow-up.
- But "no break" needs a precise test you can check, not just eyeball.
- Calculus pins it to three conditions, all about the point $c$.
- Pass all three and the curve flows smoothly through $\big(c, f(c)\big)$.
"一笔画完,不抬笔"
- 直观上,若函数的图在 $c$ 处没有断裂——没有洞、没有跳跃、没有爆发——它在 $c$ 处就连续。
- 但"没有断裂"需要一个你能检验的精确判据,而不只是目测。
- 微积分把它钉在三个条件上,都围绕点 $c$。
- 三个都通过,曲线就平滑地穿过 $\big(c, f(c)\big)$。
A curve with no break · 无断开的曲线
y = ax² + bx + c
This polynomial passes all three continuity conditions at every point — defined, limit exists, and the two match. · 该多项式在所有点都满足三个连续性条件 — 有定义、极限存在且两者相等。
The three conditions
- (1) $f(c)$ is defined — the point actually exists (no hole).
- (2) $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)$ exists — both one-sided limits agree (no jump, no blow-up).
- (3) They are equal: $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=f(c)$ — the curve arrives exactly where the point sits.
- All three must hold. Continuity at $c$ is precisely conditions (1) + (2) + (3).
三个条件
- (1) $f(c)$ 有定义——这个点确实存在(没有洞)。
- (2) $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)$ 存在——两个单侧极限一致(没有跳跃,没有爆发)。
- (3) 两者相等:$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=f(c)$——曲线恰好抵达那个点所在之处。
- 三个都必须成立。$c$ 处的连续性恰好是条件 (1) + (2) + (3)。
Select all · 所有 conditions required for $f$ to be continuous at $c$. · 选择 $f$ 在 $c$ 处连续所需的所有条件。
The three conditions are defined, limit-exists, and equal. Being a polynomial is not required. · 三个条件是有定义、极限存在和相等。是多项式并非必要条件。
The third continuity condition says the limit must ____ the function value $f(c)$. · 第三个连续性条件要求极限必须 ____ 函数值 $f(c)$。
$\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=f(c)$.
Break any one → discontinuity
- Fail (1): the point is missing — a hole even if the limit exists.
- Fail (2): the sides disagree or the function blows up — a jump or infinite break.
- Fail (3): both exist but the dot floats off the curve — a removable hole plotted elsewhere.
- Each failure matches a discontinuity type from the previous lesson.
破坏任一个 → 间断
- 违反 (1):点缺失——即使极限存在也是一个洞。
- 违反 (2):两侧不一致或函数爆发——跳跃或无穷断裂。
- 违反 (3):两者都存在,但圆点飘离曲线——一个被画在别处的可去洞。
- 每种违反都对应上一课的一种间断类型。
If $f(c)=1$ and $\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=4$, then at $c$ the function is... · 如果 $f(c)=1$ 和 $\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=4$,那么在 $c$ 处函数是...
Both exist but disagree — condition 3 fails, so $f$ is discontinuous (a removable hole). · 两者都存在但不一致 — 条件3失败,所以 $f$ 是不连续的(可去空洞)。
Checking a specific point
- Plug in: is $f(c)$ a real number? (Condition 1.)
- Take the limit from both sides: do they agree on a value $L$? (Condition 2.)
- Compare: does $L=f(c)$? (Condition 3.)
- Only "yes, yes, yes" earns the label continuous at $c$.
检验某个具体点
- 代入:$f(c)$ 是一个真实数字吗?(条件 1。)
- 从两侧取极限:它们在某个值 $L$ 上一致吗?(条件 2。)
- 比较:$L=f(c)$ 吗?(条件 3。)
- 只有"是、是、是"才配得上在 $c$ 处连续的称号。
Merely knowing $f(c)$ is defined is enough to conclude $f$ is continuous at $c$. · 仅仅知道 $f(c)$ 有定义就足以得出 $f$ 在 $c$ 处连续的结论。
You also need the limit to exist and to equal $f(c)$. · 你还需要极限存在且等于 $f(c)$。
For · 支持 $f(x)=x^2+1$, is $f$ continuous at $x=2$? · 对于 $f(x)=x^2+1$,$f$ 在 $x=2$ 处是否连续?
All three conditions hold, so $f$ is continuous at $2$ (polynomials are continuous everywhere). · 所有三个条件均满足,因此 $f$ 在 $2$ 处连续(多项式在全域连续)。
For continuity of $f$ at $x=1$ we need $\lim_{x\to1}f(x)=f(1)$. If $\lim_{x\to1}f(x)=7$, what must $f(1)$ equal? · 为了使 $f$ 在 $x=1$ 处连续,我们需要 $\lim_{x\to1}f(x)=f(1)$。如果 $\lim_{x\to1}f(x)=7$,那么 $f(1)$ 必须等于什么?
Condition 3 forces $f(1)=7$. · 条件3迫使 $f(1)=7$。
All three conditions are needed — checking only that $f(c)$ exists, or only that the limit exists, is not enough. A function can have a perfectly good $f(c)=1$ and a perfectly good $\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=4$, yet still be discontinuous because $1\neq4$ (condition 3 fails).
三个条件缺一不可——只检查 $f(c)$ 存在,或只检查极限存在,都不够。一个函数可以有很好的 $f(c)=1$ 并且有很好的 $\lim_{x\to c}f(x)=4$,却仍然不连续,因为 $1\neq4$(条件 3 不成立)。
Is $f(x)=\begin{cases}\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1},&x;\neq1\\[4pt]3,&x;=1\end{cases}$ continuous at $x=1$?
- (1) $f(1)=3$ — defined. ✓
- (2) $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to1}\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1}=\lim_{x\to1}(x+1)=2$ — exists. ✓
- (3) $2 \neq 3$ — not equal. ✗
- Condition (3) fails, so $f$ is discontinuous at $1$ (a removable hole with the point plotted at height $3$).
$f(x)=\begin{cases}\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1},&x;\neq1\\[4pt]3,&x;=1\end{cases}$ 在 $x=1$ 处连续吗?
- (1) $f(1)=3$——有定义。✓
- (2) $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to1}\dfrac{x^2-1}{x-1}=\lim_{x\to1}(x+1)=2$——存在。✓
- (3) $2 \neq 3$——不相等。✗
- 条件 (3) 不成立,所以 $f$ 在 $1$ 处不连续(一个可去洞,点被画在高度 $3$)。
$f$ is continuous at $c$ exactly when three things hold: $f(c)$ is defined, $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)$ exists, and the two are equal. Fail any one and you get a discontinuity — the failed condition tells you which type.
$f$ 在 $c$ 处连续,恰好当三件事都成立:$f(c)$ 有定义、$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to c}f(x)$ 存在、且两者相等。任一不成立就得到间断——不成立的那个条件告诉你是哪种类型。