Determining Limits Using Algebraic Manipulation · 利用代数变形确定极限
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| equivalent/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ | 等价 | děng jià |
| factoring/ˈfæktərɪŋ/ | 因式分解 | yīn shì fēn jiě |
| conjugate/ˈkɒndʒuːɡeɪt/ | 共轭 | gòng è |
$\tfrac00$ is a locked door — algebra is the key
- Direct substitution just gave you $\dfrac00$. Do not give up — rewrite the function first.
- The trick: find an equivalent 等价 expression that agrees with the original everywhere except the troublesome point.
- Since a limit ignores the single point $x=c$, the rewritten function has the same limit.
- Three tools do almost all the work: factor, rationalize, and combine fractions.
$\tfrac00$ 是一扇锁着的门——代数就是钥匙
- 直接代入刚给了你 $\dfrac00$。别放弃——先改写函数。
- 诀窍:找一个等价表达式,它与原函数处处相同,只在那个麻烦的点除外。
- 因为极限忽略 $x=c$ 这一个点,改写后的函数有相同的极限。
- 三样工具几乎能搞定全部:因式分解、有理化、合并分数。
Algebraic manipulation replaces the function with an ____ one that agrees everywhere except the removed point. · 代数变形用另一个在除被移除点外处处相同的 ____ 函数替换原函数。
Same values off the hole means the same limit. · 孔外的相同值意味着相同的极限。
Tool 1 — factor and cancel
- A $\tfrac00$ in a rational function means $(x-c)$ divides both top and bottom.
- Use factoring 因式分解 on each, cancel the common $(x-c)$, then substitute.
- $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 3}\frac{x^2-9}{x-3}=\lim_{x\to 3}\frac{(x-3)(x+3)}{x-3}=\lim_{x\to 3}(x+3)=6$.
- The cancelled form is identical to the original for every $x\neq 3$ — exactly where the limit lives.
工具一——因式分解并约分
- 有理函数出现 $\tfrac00$,意味着 $(x-c)$ 同时整除分子和分母。
- 对上下各自因式分解,约去公共的 $(x-c)$,再代入。
- $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 3}\frac{x^2-9}{x-3}=\lim_{x\to 3}\frac{(x-3)(x+3)}{x-3}=\lim_{x\to 3}(x+3)=6$。
- 约分后的形式对每个 $x\neq 3$ 都与原函数相同——极限恰好就活在那里。
The curve is smooth except at the hole · 曲线除孔外光滑
y = x + 3 (from cancelling (x−3)) · y = x + 3(来自约去 (x−3))
After you factor and cancel, the graph is an ordinary curve with a single missing point — the limit reads off that gap. · 因式分解并约分后,图形变为普通曲线仅剩一个缺失点——极限可从该缺口读出。
Evaluate · 评价 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4}\dfrac{x^2-16}{x-4}$. · 计算 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 4}\dfrac{x^2-16}{x-4}$。
Factor: $\frac{(x-4)(x+4)}{x-4}=x+4\to 8$. · 因式分解:$\frac{(x-4)(x+4)}{x-4}=x+4\to 8$。
Tool 2 — rationalize the root
- When a square root causes the $\tfrac00$, multiply top and bottom by the conjugate 共轭.
- This clears the root and exposes a cancellable factor.
- $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sqrt{x+4}-2}{x}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{(\sqrt{x+4}-2)(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}{x(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{x}{x(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}=\frac14$.
工具二——把根号有理化
- 当平方根引起 $\tfrac00$ 时,把上下同乘以共轭。
- 这能消去根号,露出一个可约分的因子。
- $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sqrt{x+4}-2}{x}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{(\sqrt{x+4}-2)(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}{x(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}=\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{x}{x(\sqrt{x+4}+2)}=\frac14$。
The limit $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\dfrac{\sqrt{x+9}-3}{x}$ is best handled by... · 处理极限 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\dfrac{\sqrt{x+9}-3}{x}$ 的最佳方法是...
A root causing $\tfrac00$ calls for the conjugate; here the limit is $\tfrac16$. · 导致 $\tfrac00$ 的根需要共轭;此处极限为 $\tfrac16$。
Evaluate · 评价 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\dfrac{\sqrt{x+4}-2}{x}$. · 计算 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to 0}\dfrac{\sqrt{x+4}-2}{x}$。
Rationalize to $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x+4}+2}\to\frac{1}{4}$. · 有理化至 $\frac{1}{\sqrt{x+4}+2}\to\frac{1}{4}$。
Tool 3 — combine the fractions
- A difference of fractions like $\dfrac{1}{x+2}-\dfrac12$ over $x$ hides a factor once you use a common denominator.
- Combine into a single fraction, simplify, and the $(x-c)$ cancels.
- After any of these moves, finish with direct substitution — the door is now unlocked.
- Whichever tool you use, you are producing an equivalent function that lets substitution succeed.
工具三——合并分数
- 像 $\dfrac{1}{x+2}-\dfrac12$ 除以 $x$ 这样的分数之差,一旦通分就会藏着一个因子。
- 合并成单个分数,化简,$(x-c)$ 就约掉了。
- 用完上面任一招之后,以直接代入收尾——门现在开了。
- 无论用哪样工具,你都是在造一个让代入成功的等价函数。
Select all · 所有 algebraic tools that can resolve a $\tfrac00$ limit. · 选择所有能解决 $\tfrac00$ 极限的代数工具。
The first three are legitimate rewrites; rounding is not a valid technique. · 前三者是合法的改写;四舍五入不是有效技术。
Cancelling $(x-c)$ changes the function at exactly one point: the rewritten expression is defined at $c$ while the original has a hole there. That is fine for the limit (which never looks at $x=c$), but do not claim the two functions are identical — they differ at the removed point.
约去 $(x-c)$ 恰好改变了函数在一个点的取值:改写后的表达式在 $c$ 处有定义,而原函数在那里有一个洞。这对极限无妨(极限从不看 $x=c$),但别声称这两个函数完全相同——它们在被移除的那个点上不同。
After cancelling $(x-3)$, the simplified function is exactly identical to the original at every point including $x=3$. · 约去 $(x-3)$ 后,简化后的函数在原函数包括 $x=3$ 在内的每一点上都完全相同。
They agree everywhere except $x=3$, where the original has a hole. The limit is unaffected, but the functions differ there. · 它们除了在 $x=3$ 处一致,那里原始函数有一个空洞。极限不受影响,但函数在那里不同。
Find $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to -1}\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+3x+2}$.
- Substitution gives $\tfrac00$ — factor both.
- $\dfrac{(x-1)(x+1)}{(x+1)(x+2)}=\dfrac{x-1}{x+2}$ for $x\neq -1$.
- Substitute: $\dfrac{-1-1}{-1+2}=\dfrac{-2}{1}=-2$.
求 $\displaystyle\lim_{x\to -1}\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+3x+2}$。
- 代入得到 $\tfrac00$——对上下都因式分解。
- 当 $x\neq -1$ 时,$\dfrac{(x-1)(x+1)}{(x+1)(x+2)}=\dfrac{x-1}{x+2}$。
- 代入:$\dfrac{-1-1}{-1+2}=\dfrac{-2}{1}=-2$。
When substitution gives $\tfrac00$, rewrite the function into an equivalent form that agrees everywhere except at $c$: factor and cancel, rationalize with a conjugate, or combine fractions. Then substitute. The rewrite has the same limit because a limit ignores the single removed point.
当代入给出 $\tfrac00$,就把函数改写成一个等价形式,它处处相同、仅在 $c$ 除外:因式分解并约分、用共轭有理化、或合并分数。然后代入。改写后极限不变,因为极限忽略被移除的那一个点。