Poverty, the state and development
Pearson Edexcel · International A-Level · Economics Topic 8 4:30 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
This topic measures poverty and inequality, follows how the state spends, taxes and borrows, and asks how poorer countries grow and develop.
本主题衡量贫困和不平等，考察国家如何支出、征税和借款，并探讨较贫穷的国家如何增长和发展。
Absolute poverty is not meeting basic needs; the World Bank line is 3.00 international dollars a day at 2021 prices.
绝对贫困是无法满足基本需要；世界银行的贫困线是按 2021 年价格计算的每天 3.00 国际元。
Relative poverty is falling below the society's norm, measured against median household income.
相对贫困是低于社会常态，以家庭收入中位数为参照衡量。
The line of equality is where every fifth earns a fifth.
平等线表示每五分之一的人获得五分之一的收入。
The Lorenz curve sags below it: the poorest 80% of people earn only 50% of income.
洛伦兹曲线向下凹：最贫穷的百分之 80 的人只获得百分之 50 的收入。
The area between measures inequality; here the Gini is 0.40.
两者之间的面积衡量不平等；这里基尼系数为 0.40。
Add the strips under the Lorenz curve: 50, 200, 450, 800 and 1500 make 3000, which is 0.30 of the square.
把洛伦兹曲线下方的各条面积相加：50、200、450、800 和 1500，合计 3000，占正方形的 0.30。
The Gini is 1 minus 2 times 0.30: 0.40.
基尼系数等于 1 减 2 乘 0.30，即 0.40。
Within countries, inequality comes from wages and skills, wealth and inheritance, and globalisation's skill premium.
在国家内部，不平等来自工资和技能、财富和继承，以及全球化带来的技能溢价。
Between countries, from growth histories, institutions and geography.
在国家之间，来自增长历史、制度和地理。
Capital expenditure buys assets such as roads and schools.
资本支出购买道路、学校等资产。
Current expenditure pays running costs such as salaries.
经常性支出支付工资等运行成本。
Transfer payments, such as benefits, receive no output in return.
转移支付（如福利）不换取任何产出。
On incomes of 10, 40 and 100 thousand, taxes of 1, 8 and 30 thousand are progressive: 10, 20 and 30 percent.
收入为 1 万、4 万和 10 万时，分别缴税 1 千、8 千和 3 万是累进的：百分之 10、20 和 30。
A flat 25 percent is proportional.
统一百分之 25 是比例税。
A 5 thousand charge on everyone is regressive: 50 percent down to 5.
每人征收 5 千是累退的：从百分之 50 降到 5。
Revenue rises with the tax rate at first, and peaks at 100 when the rate is 50 percent.
税收收入起初随税率上升，在税率为百分之 50 时达到峰值 100。
Beyond that, avoidance and shrinking activity cut revenue.
超过这一点，避税和经济活动萎缩会使收入下降。
A fiscal deficit is one year's shortfall, a flow; the national debt is the accumulated stock.
财政赤字是一年的缺口，是流量；国债是累积的存量。
A structural deficit persists even at full employment; a cyclical deficit exists only because output is below trend.
结构性赤字即使在充分就业时也存在；周期性赤字只因产出低于趋势而存在。
Governments combine fiscal, monetary, exchange-rate, supply-side policy and direct controls.
政府综合运用财政、货币、汇率、供给侧政策和直接管制。
But they face inaccurate information, risks and uncertainty, and external shocks they cannot control.
但它们面临信息不准确、风险和不确定性，以及无法控制的外部冲击。
The HDI combines three indices, each from 0 to 1: education, from years of schooling; health, from life expectancy; and income, from GNI per head at PPP.
人类发展指数结合三个指数，各在 0 到 1 之间：教育，基于受教育年限；健康，基于预期寿命；收入，基于按购买力平价计算的人均国民总收入。
They are combined by a geometric mean.
三者以几何平均数结合。
Economic constraints include primary product dependency, the savings gap, capital flight, debt, and weak infrastructure and skills.
经济约束包括初级产品依赖、储蓄缺口、资本外逃、债务，以及薄弱的基础设施和技能。
Non-economic ones include corruption, poor governance, civil war and terrorism.
非经济约束包括腐败、治理不善、内战和恐怖主义。
Market-orientated strategies: trade liberalisation, FDI, privatisation and microfinance.
市场导向的策略：贸易自由化、外国直接投资、私有化和小额信贷。
Interventionist ones: human capital, infrastructure, buffer stocks.
干预型策略：人力资本、基础设施、缓冲库存。
And industrialisation, explained by the Lewis dual-sector model.
还有工业化，用刘易斯二元经济模型解释。
Bangladesh's GDP is about 450 billion dollars and its population about 173 million, so GDP per head is about 2,600 dollars.
孟加拉国的 GDP 约为 4500 亿美元，人口约 1.73 亿，所以人均 GDP 约为 2,600 美元。
But the average says nothing about the very low wages in garment factories.
但这个平均数完全反映不出制衣厂的极低工资。
Farms hold surplus labour with almost no marginal product.
农业中有边际产出几乎为零的剩余劳动力。
Garment factories hire it at a wage a little above farm incomes.
制衣厂以略高于农业收入的工资雇佣他们。
Profits are reinvested, so the modern sector keeps expanding, and poverty falls.
利润被再投资，现代部门持续扩张，贫困随之减少。
In the long run, diversification and human capital matter most: they cut the reliance on one export and raise productivity.
长期来看，多元化和人力资本最重要：它们降低对单一出口的依赖，提高生产率。
In the short run, trade agreements to keep market access are urgent.
短期来看，签订贸易协定以保住市场准入十分紧迫。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Shares of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 give a Gini of 0.40.
份额 5、10、15、20 和 50 得出基尼系数 0.40。
Taxes of 1, 8 and 30 thousand are progressive.
1 千、8 千和 3 万的税是累进的。
The Laffer curve peaks at 100 at a 50% rate.
拉弗曲线在税率百分之 50 时达到峰值 100。
The national debt is the stock.
国债是存量。
And the HDI combines education, health and income.
人类发展指数结合教育、健康和收入。