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International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Geography · HL หัวข้อ 4 6:09 การบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ · คำบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ + 中文 ลอยตัวบนภาพ
บท
Transcript
In March 2021 the container ship Ever Given got stuck across the Suez Canal for six days.
2021 年 3 月，集装箱船“长赐号”横卡在苏伊士运河六天。
Hundreds of ships waited at both ends, and factories in Europe ran short of parts made in Asia.
两端有数百艘船等待，欧洲工厂缺少亚洲生产的零部件。
One ship in one canal showed how closely places are linked.
一条运河里的一艘船，显示出世界各地联系之紧密。
That is the idea behind this whole topic.
这正是本课的核心思想。
Globalisation is the growing connection between places through four flows.
全球化是地方之间通过四种流动日益加深的联系。
Goods and services: exports are about thirty per cent of world GDP.
商品和服务：出口约占世界 GDP 的 30%。
Money: remittances to poorer countries were about six hundred and fifty billion dollars in 2023.
资金：2023 年流向中低收入国家的侨汇约 6500 亿美元。
People: about two hundred and eighty million migrants.
人口：约 2.8 亿国际移民。
And information: about two thirds of people use the internet.
信息：约三分之二的人使用互联网。
A global network has nodes, such as cities and ports, and links, such as shipping lanes, flight routes and undersea cables.
全球网络由节点（城市和港口）和连接（航线、航班和海底电缆）组成。
A place with many links, such as Shanghai, Singapore or London, gains more trade, investment and power.
连接多的地方，如上海、新加坡或伦敦，获得更多贸易、投资和权力。
A landlocked country with weak roads finds it hard to join in.
道路落后的内陆国家则难以融入。
A superpower has economic, military, political and cultural power that reaches the whole world; today the United States and China are usually named.
超级大国拥有遍及全球的经济、军事、政治和文化力量；如今通常指美国和中国。
Countries also act in groups.
国家也会结成集团行动。
The G20 produces about eighty-five per cent of world GDP and seventy-five per cent of world trade.
二十国集团约占世界 GDP 的 85%、世界贸易的 75%。
Transnational corporations operate in many countries.
跨国公司在许多国家经营。
They usually keep research, design and headquarters in rich countries, and place factories where costs are lower: outsourcing.
它们通常把研发、设计和总部留在富国，把工厂设在成本较低的地方，即外包。
More money is made in design, branding and selling than in making the product, so the core gains more than the periphery.
设计、品牌和销售环节赚的钱比生产环节多，所以核心地区获益多于边缘地区。
Follow a commodity chain.
跟踪一条商品链。
A bar of chocolate sells for two dollars, and the cacao farmer receives six cents.
一块巧克力卖两美元，可可农只得到六美分。
Six cents over two dollars, times a hundred, is three per cent.
六美分除以两美元再乘以一百，等于 3%。
The other ninety-seven per cent is added by processing, manufacturing, branding and selling, mostly in core countries.
其余 97% 来自加工、制造、品牌和销售，大多发生在核心国家。
Power does not only flow one way.
权力并非单向流动。
Chinese, Indian and Brazilian companies now invest abroad, and governments can tax and regulate transnational corporations, or refuse them entry.
中国、印度和巴西的企业如今也在海外投资，各国政府可以对跨国公司征税、加以监管，或拒绝其进入。
The Human Development Index combines three dimensions: health, education and income.
人类发展指数结合了三个维度：健康、教育和收入。
Each is scored from nought to one, and the index is a kind of average.
每项得分在 0 到 1 之间，指数是三者的一种平均。
In 2022 Switzerland scored nought point nine six seven, China nought point seven eight eight, and Somalia nought point three eight.
2022 年瑞士为 0.967，中国 0.788，索马里 0.380。
The Gender Inequality Index measures gaps between women and men in health, education, work and politics.
性别不平等指数衡量男女在健康、教育、工作和政治方面的差距。
About seven hundred million people still live on less than two dollars fifteen a day.
约七亿人每天生活费不足 2.15 美元。
Development is more than income: it is the freedom and ability to live the life you value.
发展不只是收入：它是过上自己珍视的生活的自由和能力。
Global flows carry culture.
全球流动也携带文化。
Cultural diffusion spreads foods, music and brands.
文化扩散传播食物、音乐和品牌。
Some fear homogenisation: every city the same.
有人担心同质化：每座城市都一样。
But brands adapt to local tastes, which is glocalisation: KFC in China sells congee and youtiao for breakfast.
但品牌会适应本地口味，这就是全球本土化：中国的肯德基早餐卖粥和油条。
And cultures mix into hybrids, such as K-pop.
文化也会融合成混合形式，比如 K-pop。
Not everyone welcomes global interactions.
并非所有人都欢迎全球互动。
Protectionism uses tariffs and quotas to protect local jobs.
贸易保护主义用关税和配额保护本地就业。
Fairtrade guarantees a minimum price to about two million farmers and workers.
公平贸易为约两百万农民和工人保证最低价格。
Civil society campaigns protest working conditions.
公民社会发起运动抗议恶劣的工作条件。
And indigenous groups protect their land, language and knowledge.
原住民群体则保护自己的土地、语言和知识。
Because places are linked, problems spread.
因为各地相连，问题会扩散。
A pandemic: COVID-19 cut world GDP by about three per cent.
疫情：新冠使 2020 年世界 GDP 下降约 3%。
A financial crisis: in 2008, trouble in the US housing market spread to banks everywhere.
金融危机：2008 年美国房地产市场的问题蔓延到各地银行。
A chokepoint, like Suez.
咽喉要道，如苏伊士运河。
Transboundary pollution, like fire smoke from Indonesia covering Singapore.
跨境污染，如印尼林火烟雾笼罩新加坡。
And loss of sovereignty.
以及主权的丧失。
Ships from East Asia to northern Europe normally pass through the Suez Canal.
从东亚到北欧的船通常经过苏伊士运河。
When the canal is blocked, they wait, or take the much longer route round southern Africa.
运河一旦堵塞，船只要么等待，要么绕行远得多的非洲南端航线。
When one link in the network fails, every connected place feels it.
网络中一个连接失灵，所有相连的地方都会受到影响。
Resilience is the ability to absorb a shock and recover, at every scale.
恢复力是吸收冲击并恢复的能力，体现在各个尺度。
Globally, agreements: the Montreal Protocol of 1987 banned the gases that damage the ozone layer, which is now recovering.
全球层面靠协议：1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》禁用破坏臭氧层的气体，臭氧层正在恢复。
Nationally, stockpiles and several suppliers, as car makers did for chips after 2021.
国家层面靠储备和多元供应商，如 2021 年后车企从多国采购芯片。
Locally, warnings, insurance and savings.
地方层面靠预警、保险和储蓄。
New technology can reduce risk: early-warning satellites, and vaccines developed in under a year.
新技术能降低风险：预警卫星、不到一年就研发出的疫苗。
But it also creates new risks, such as cyber attacks on banks and power grids.
但它也带来新的风险，比如针对银行和电网的网络攻击。
Part (a), twelve marks, usually asks you to explain or examine a link: make two or three developed points, each with a named example and a number.
(a) 部分十二分，通常要求解释或分析一种联系：写出两三个展开的要点，每点配一个具体实例和数字。
Part (b), sixteen marks, is an essay: give both sides, use examples at different scales, and end with a clear judgement.
(b) 部分十六分，是论述题：正反两面都写，用不同尺度的例子，最后给出明确判断。
Plan an essay: to what extent are global interactions good for developing countries?
规划一篇论述：全球互动在多大程度上对发展中国家有利？
For: investment brings jobs, and remittances are six hundred and fifty billion dollars a year.
正方：投资带来就业，侨汇每年 6500 亿美元。
Against: the farmer's three per cent, and dependence.
反方：农民只得3%，以及依赖性。
Scale: national GDP may rise while some places lose.
尺度：国家 GDP 上升，但一些地方受损。
Risk: shared shocks.
风险：共担冲击。
Judgement: they help most with investment in skills and many partners.
判断：在投资技能、伙伴多元时最有利。
To finish: the four flows, networks and the G20; TNCs and the three per cent share; HDI, poverty, glocalisation and local responses; five risks, chokepoints and resilience; and Paper 3's twelve and sixteen-mark parts.
总结：四种流动、网络与二十国集团；跨国公司与 3% 的份额；人类发展指数、贫困、全球本土化与地方回应；五类风险、咽喉要道与恢复力；以及试卷三的十二分和十六分两部分。