IB Diploma Programme Geography HL (first assessment 2019; 2017 guide). This topic is the HL-ONLY EXTENSION Geographic perspectives—global interactions: power, places and networks; human development and diversity; global risks and resilience. Everything the core measured at national scale is here read as a NETWORK: flows of goods, capital, information and people, the power relations that steer them, the development and diversity they reshape, and the risks and governance that answer them. The worked figures are the stable published ones.

Must-know for global interactions (HL):

Global interactions 全球互动 are the flows that bind places: traded goods and services (world exports run at roughly a quarter of world output), capital (direct investment seeking profit and safety), information (over 60% of humanity now uses the internet), and people (migrants, tourists, students). A global network 全球网络 has NODES (hub cities commanding finance and information) and LINKS (trade routes, cables, air corridors), and POSITION IN THE NETWORK is power: well-connected places compound their advantage while poorly connected ones pay a distance penalty.

POWER is organised as a core–periphery 中心—边缘 system (with a semi-periphery between): the core owns the high-value command functions (design, finance, brands), the periphery supplies materials and low-cost labour. The transnational corporation is the network's chief actor — coordinating production across borders, with outsourcing 外包 and offshoring relocating routine work to cheaper locations while headquarters keep research, branding and profit. But the flows run both ways: emerging-economy TNCs now invest outward, remittances to low- and middle-income countries exceed the foreign direct investment they receive, and states bargain, tax and regulate: POWER is contested, not simply imposed.

DEVELOPMENT is multidimensional: the Human Development Index 人类发展指数 (0 to 1: health, schooling, income) ranks wellbeing beyond GDP alone, and the Gender Inequality Index 性别不平等指数 exposes the gaps within countries (maternal health, adolescent fertility, parliamentary seats, education). Development as capability — the freedoms people actually have — reframes the whole measurement debate, and remittance and aid flows show transfers following need and kinship, not only profit.

DIVERSITY under interaction: global media and brands push HOMOGENISATION (the same stores, the same sounds), while cultures answer with HYBRIDISATION: glocalisation 全球本土化, the global adapted to the local — and with reassertion: indigenous movements protecting language, land and knowledge against both states and markets. Cultural diversity is then read like biodiversity: a resource under pressure, with the loss of languages as its extinction curve.

Global risks 全球风险 cross borders faster than any policy: a pandemic (COVID-19 cut world output by about 3% in 2020 and rewrote supply chains), financial contagion (crises transmitted through interlinked markets), geopolitical conflict (war, sanctions and energy shocks), and climate change (topic 02's core pressure, now a systemic risk). INTERCONNECTION is the amplifier — the same networks that carry trade carry risk: one chokepoint closed (a canal, a strait, a chip plant) and distant production lines stop: SUPPLY-CHAIN FRAGILITY is the concrete face of global risk.

RESILIENCE at every scale is the answer the unit examines: diversified suppliers and strategic stockpiles at state level; regional blocs and redundancy in networks; household savings and social protection at the micro scale. And above states sits global governance: the UN system and its agencies, the WTO's trade rules, treaties and finance initiatives, and CIVIL SOCIETY — NGOs, movements and watchdogs that name risks states prefer unsaid. The Sustainable Development Goals (17 goals, 2015–2030) are its shared scoreboard, and their premise is the topic's conclusion: no single state can secure development, diversity or climate alone.

• The four flows with the exports ≈ 25% of world output figure; nodes and links; network position as power (networks).
• Core–semi-periphery–periphery; the TNC's division of functions; outsourcing vs headquarters; counter-flows (emerging TNCs, remittances > FDI) (power).
• HDI's three dimensions and the GII's four; development as capability (development).
• Homogenisation vs glocalisation; indigenous reassertion; languages as the diversity measure (diversity).
• The four risk families with the 2020 ≈ −3% pandemic figure; chokepoints and supply-chain fragility (risks).
• Resilience at three scales; UN/WTO/civil society; the 17 SDGs as scoreboard (governance).

Boundary notes: the HL extension paper rewards SCALE (local to global) and RELATIONSHIPS (power, interdependence) argued with named examples; every figure above is the stable published value. All worked numbers are reconciled with the core units.