การวัดความเหลื่อมล้ำและการเลือกด้านงบประมาณ
แนะนำใหม่| English | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| Gini coefficient/ˈdʒiːni ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃənt/ | สัมประสิทธิ์基尼 |
| progressive tax/prəˈɡresɪv tæks/ | ภาษีแบบ progresive |
A decision you can investigate
- Two economies produce the same output, but in one the richest tenth hold half of all income.
- Are they equally well off?
Build the explanation
- The Lorenz curve plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of households, poorest first; the Gini coefficient 基尼系数 is the area between the curve and perfect equality divided by the whole triangle, Gini = A/(A+B), from 0 (perfect equality) to 1.
- A fiscal deficit is one year’s shortfall of revenue against spending, while the national debt is the accumulated stock of past deficits. A progressive tax 累进税 takes a rising share of higher incomes; a regressive tax, like most sales taxes, takes a falling share.
Work through the evidence
- Four people earn 5, 15, 30 and 50 (total 100). Cumulative income shares, poorest first, are 5%, 20%, 50%, 100%: the richest quarter holds 50% and the poorest half just 20%.
- If every income doubles to 10, 30, 60, 100, every share is unchanged, so the Gini is unchanged even though everyone is richer: level and distribution are separate questions.
有四人分别赚取 5, 15, 30, 50 (总和 100)。最富有的四分之一人口占多少份额？
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收入最高的个人持有 50 的 100，因此最富有的四分之一人口持有 50% 的收入。
Test the limits
- Inequality can sharpen incentives and enterprise, but wide gaps cut the poor’s access to education and health and can weaken trust and demand; development may widen gaps before narrowing them.
- The Laffer curve is a hypothesis about shape, since revenue is zero at 0% and at 100%, not a measurement of where any real economy sits; high debt shifts costs to future taxpayers, an intergenerational question.
หาก รายได้ ทุกอย่าง เพิ่มขึ้นเป็นสองเท่า ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์จินีจะลดลง
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สัดส่วนของทุกส่วนจะไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงเมื่อรายได้ทั้งหมดปรับขึ้นพร้อมกัน; ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์จินีวัดการกระจาย ไม่ใช่ระดับรายได้
การเติบโตจะลดความไม่เสมอภาคที่วัดได้เสมอ
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กรณีเพิ่มเป็นสองเท่าแสดงให้เห็นว่าการเติบโตอาจไม่เปลี่ยนสัดส่วนใด ๆ การกระจายต้องการเหตุผลเฉพาะตัว
Apply and explain your answer
- Incomes double from 5, 15, 30, 50 to 10, 30, 60, 100. What happens to the Gini coefficient?
- Nothing: every income doubled, so every share is unchanged; growth without redistribution leaves relative inequality intact.
ขาดดุล อธิบายได้ดีที่สุดว่า…
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存量 (Stock) คือหนี้สาธารณะ; Flow คือขาดดุล
Use the terms precisely
- Gini coefficient: The ratio A/(A+B) from the Lorenz diagram; 0 is perfect equality.
- progressive tax: A tax taking a rising share of income as income rises.
จับคู่คำศัพท์กับความหมาย
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ใช้แต่ละพจน์ตามความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์ที่กำหนดให้
Four people earn 5, 15, 30 and 50 (total 100). Cumulative income shares, poorest first, are 5%, 20%, 50%, 100%: the richest quarter holds 50% and the poorest half just 20%. If every income doubles to 10, 30, 60, 100, every share is unchanged, so the Gini is unchanged even though everyone is richer: level and distribution are separate questions.
Inequality can sharpen incentives and enterprise, but wide gaps cut the poor’s access to education and health and can weaken trust and demand; development may widen gaps before narrowing them. The Laffer curve is a hypothesis about shape, since revenue is zero at 0% and at 100%, not a measurement of where any real economy sits; high debt shifts costs to future taxpayers, an intergenerational question.
The Lorenz curve plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of households, poorest first; the Gini coefficient is the area between the curve and perfect equality divided by the whole triangle, Gini = A/(A+B), from 0 (perfect equality) to 1.