วิทยาศาสตร์: มุมมองที่ขัดแย้งกันและหลักฐานที่แยกแยะโมเดล

Original hypothetical study: a device’s indicator dims during repeated use. Model A says dimming depends only on elapsed running time: after 10 minutes it predicts the same brightness at all room temperatures. Model B says dimming is caused by an internal temperature rise: after 10 minutes it predicts lower brightness in a warmer room, provided the starting devices are identical. Test matched devices at 15°C and 30°C for ten minutes, controlling initial charge and measurement method. Equal brightness is consistent with A but does not decisively reject B unless temperature differences and sensitivity are verified. Much lower brightness at 30°C conflicts with A’s “time only” assumption and supports B’s predicted direction. A cooling modification should also be tested for cost and power consumption before recommending it.

Which comparison most directly separates A and B?

Original hypothetical study: a device’s indicator dims during repeated use. Model A says dimming depends only on elapsed running time: after 10 minutes it predicts the same brightness at all room temperatures. Model B says dimming is caused by an internal temperature rise: after 10 minutes it predicts lower brightness in a warmer room, provided the starting devices are identical. Test matched devices at 15°C and 30°C for ten minutes, controlling initial charge and measurement method. Equal brightness is consistent with A but does not decisively reject B unless temperature differences and sensitivity are verified. Much lower brightness at 30°C conflicts with A’s “time only” assumption and supports B’s predicted direction. A cooling modification should also be tested for cost and power consumption before recommending it.

Both models predict dimming after use. Observing only dimming:

In the model comparison, runtime should be held ____ when room temperature is varied.

One observation agreeing with a model proves that no other explanation is possible.

Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.

Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.