Required practical 5: determine the densities of regular and irregular solid objects and liquids, using dimensions, a balance and a displacement technique.
Use consistent units. To express a result in kg/m³, convert g/cm³. $1\ \text{g/cm}^3 = 1000\ \text{kg/m}^3$ (multiply by 1000: a cm³ is a millionth of a m³ and a gram is a thousandth of a kg).
Irregular solid: fill a displacement (eureka) can to the spout, wait for dripping to stop, lower the object in on thin string; the volume of water collected in a measuring cylinder equals the object's volume.
Mass is conserved in a closed system: the number of particles does not change. If vapour leaves an open container, the remaining material loses mass, but the total including the escaped vapour is conserved.
Start with the 0.50 kg block gaining 2,000 J and warming by 10 °C. Compare heat gained with electrical input, and see why uncorrected heat loss makes the inferred c too large.
A และ C ให้ความร้อนในเฟสเดียว; B คือการหลอมเหลว; D คือการเดือด; E ให้ความร้อนแก่ก๊าซ. อุณหภูมิต่างๆ นี้เป็นของสารบริสุทธิ์ทั่วไป ไม่ใช่ของน้ำ.
การอ่านกราฟ:
ส่วนที่กราฟพุ่งขึ้น: พลังงานถูกเปลี่ยนเป็นพลังงานจลน์ — อุณหภูมิสูงขึ้น ($\Delta E = mc\Delta\theta$)
Flat sections: energy goes into potential energy — the state is changing ($E = mL$). For the same material, change of state and constant net heating power, a longer plateau means more mass changed state. If $L$ or heating power differs, time alone does not identify the mass.
Teacher-written worked example. A 30 W heater runs for 11 minutes and boils off $6.6\times10^{-3}$ kg of water already at its boiling point. Estimate $L$ assuming all heater energy reaches the boiling water, then explain the effect of heat loss.
AQA June 2022 Q08.3–08.5: beaker-and-water mass falls from 0.080 kg to 0.071 kg while the heater transfers 25200 J. The evaporated mass is 0.009 kg, so $L=E/m=25200\ \mathrm{J}/0.009\ \mathrm{kg}=2.8\times10^6\ \mathrm{J/kg}$. Heat transferred to the surroundings makes the heater-energy estimate of $L$ too high. Conversely, including water lost before boiling overstates the mass associated with the measured boiling energy and makes the estimate too low. Identify which measured quantity is biased before predicting the result.
A gas doing work on its surroundings can cool if energy is not replaced by heating. Compression or expansion does not always change temperature: sufficiently slow changes with heat exchange can be approximately isothermal. Do not apply $pV=\text{constant}$ to a rapid compression that heats the gas unless constant temperature is stated or justified.