Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe
AP European History Topic 9 9:37 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
This unit has two halves that must be held together.
这一单元有两半， 必须放在一起把握。
Division, until 1991.
分裂，直到 1991 年。
And integration, running alongside it and then beyond it.
以及一体化， 与分裂并行，并延续到其之后。
They are not sequential — the European Coal and Steel Community and the Iron Curtain are contemporaries.
它们不是先后关系， 欧洲煤钢共同体 与铁幕是同时代的。
Weak answers tell only one of the two stories, usually the division, because that is the one with the dates in it.
薄弱的答案 只讲两个故事中的一个， 通常是分裂那一个， 因为那一个里面有年份。
Rebuilding Europe, first, inside a polarised state order.
先说重建欧洲，而且是在一个两极化的国家秩序之中。
Marshall Plan funds from the United States financed an extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and stimulated an economic revival in Western Europe.
来自美国的马歇尔计划资金， 资助了工业与基础设施的大规模重建， 并刺激了西欧的经济复兴。
And the Marshall Plan is examinable in two directions at once: it rebuilt Western Europe, and by being refused for the Soviet bloc it helped harden the division that defines the rest of the unit.
而马歇尔计划 同时在两个方向上是考点： 它重建了西欧， 而由于它被苏联集团拒绝， 它也帮助固化了 界定本单元其余部分的那道分裂。
One programme, two effects, and the second is the one most answers omit.
一个计划，两个效果， 而 第二个正是多数答案漏掉的那个。
After 1945 two superpowers emerge, and Europe is the prize.
一九四五年之后，两个超级大国崛起，欧洲是奖品。
The United States built NATO in Western Europe.
美国在西欧建立了北约。
East of the Iron Curtain, the Soviet Union dominated through military power and central planning.
铁幕以东，苏联通过军事力量和中央计划支配。
The relationship with Moscow oscillated between repression and reform — the CED's own phrase, and a better answer than either half alone.
与莫斯科的关系在镇压与改革之间摆动——这是大纲自己的措辞， 比单独写任何一半都更好。
New nationalisms later brought peaceful revolution in most countries, and violent conflict in some.
新的民族主义后来在多数国家带来和平革命，在一些国家则带来暴力冲突。
Despite efforts to maintain international cooperation through the newly created United Nations, deep-seated tensions between the two blocs produced the Cold War.
尽管人们努力 通过新成立的联合国 维持国际合作， 两大集团之间根深蒂固的紧张 仍然造成了冷战。
The CED lists how it was actually conducted, and the list is worth memorising because questions ask for methods.
课程大纲列出了它实际的进行方式， 这份清单值得背下来， 因为题目会问方法。
Propaganda campaigns.
宣传战。
Covert actions.
秘密行动。
Limited hot wars in other regions.
在其他地区进行的有限热战。
And an arms race.
以及军备竞赛。
Now note what is absent from that list: direct war between the principals.
现在注意这份清单里缺了什么： 两个主角之间的直接战争。
The methods list is itself the answer to how a conflict this intense produced no direct war.
这份方法清单本身 就是对"这样激烈的冲突 为何没有产生直接战争"的回答。
The United States exerted strong military, political and economic influence in Western Europe, leading to the creation of NATO.
美国在西欧 施加强大的军事、政治与经济影响， 促成了北约的建立。
Countries east of the Iron Curtain came under the military, political and economic domination of the Soviet Union, and followed an economic model based on central planning and extensive social welfare provision.
铁幕以东的国家 落入苏联的军事、政治与经济支配， 并遵循一种以中央计划 与广泛社会福利为基础的经济模式。
And here is the CED's own phrase for their relationship with Moscow: it oscillated between repression and reform.
而这里是课程大纲 对它们与莫斯科关系的原话： 在镇压与改革之间摆动。
That is a better answer than either half alone, because it describes a pattern rather than a policy.
这比任何一半单独拿出来都更好， 因为它描述的是一种模式， 而不是一项政策。
The rise of new nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe eventually brought peaceful revolution in most countries, but violent conflict in some.
中东欧新民族主义的兴起 最终在多数国家带来和平革命， 在一些国家则带来暴力冲突。
And nationalist and separatist movements, along with ethnic conflict and ethnic cleansing, periodically disrupted the postwar order: 1945 did not end the problem of nationalism in Europe, it suppressed it in some places and postponed it in others.
而民族主义与分离主义运动， 连同族群冲突与族群清洗， 不时扰乱战后秩序： 1945 年并没有终结 欧洲的民族主义问题， 它在一些地方压制了它， 在另一些地方推迟了它。
Contemporary Western democracies had to renegotiate the relationship between the individual and the state.
当代西方民主国家不得不重新协商个人与国家之间的关系。
Postwar economic growth supported an increase in welfare benefits, and subsequent economic stagnation led to criticism and scaling back of the welfare state.
战后经济增长 支撑了福利待遇的提高， 而随后的经济停滞 引发了对福利国家的批评与削减。
Hold both halves, and state the link.
两半都要把握，并说出其中的联系。
Growth funded the welfare state; the end of growth is what put it under argument.
增长为福利国家提供了资金； 增长的终止 正是使它受到争议的原因。
That is a causal claim, not just a sequence of events, and writing it as a sequence loses the mark that writing it as a cause earns.
这是一个因果主张， 不只是事件的先后， 而把它写成先后 会丢掉把它写成原因所能得到的分数。
Following a long period of economic stagnation, Mikhail Gorbachev's internal reforms of perestroika and glasnost — despite being intended to strengthen the system — contributed to its collapse.
在长期经济停滞之后， 戈尔巴乔夫的内部改革， 改革与开放， 尽管本意是加强这一体制， 却促成了它的崩溃。
The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War and led to the establishment of capitalist economies throughout Eastern Europe.
1991 年苏联解体 结束了冷战， 并使资本主义经济 在整个东欧建立起来。
The shape of the argument is what matters here.
重要的是这个论证的形状。
Reform intended to save a system helped end it.
为拯救一个体制而进行的改革 帮助终结了它。
That is exactly the kind of claim an evaluation question is looking for, because it cannot be answered by describing what the reforms were. That is the fall of communism: reform intended to save a system helped end it.
这正是评价类题目所要找的那种主张， 因为它无法 通过描述这些改革是什么 来回答。
Decolonization occurred over the course of the century with varying degrees of cooperation, interference, or resistance from the European imperial powers.
去殖民化在整个世纪中进行，欧洲帝国列强的合作、干预或抵抗程度各不相同。
The consequence for Europe itself is the part students omit: losing empire changed what a European state was, and it produced the migration examined next.
它对欧洲自身的后果，正是学生会漏掉的部分： 失去帝国改变了一个欧洲国家是什么，并带来了接下来要讲的移民。
Losing colonies was not only an overseas story.
失去殖民地不只是一个海外故事。
The lives of women were defined by family and work responsibilities, economic changes, and feminism.
女性的生活由家庭与工作责任、经济变化、以及女性主义共同界定。
Across the century came expanding participation in paid work, the extension of political rights, and organised movements that changed law and expectation in the postwar decades.
整个世纪里，有偿工作的参与扩大，政治权利延伸， 有组织的运动在战后数十年改变了法律与期望。
Name all three.
三样都要写。
An answer that mentions only the vote has answered a third of the question.
只提投票权的答案只回答了三分之一。
Technology and globalization changed daily life.
技术与全球化改变了日常生活。
Mass production, new food technologies, and industrial efficiency reshaped what people ate and owned.
大规模生产、新的食品技术和工业效率，重塑了人们吃什么、拥有什么。
Medical theories and technologies extended life but posed social and moral questions that eluded consensus.
医学理论与技术延长了生命，也提出了未能形成共识的社会与道德问题。
Increased imports of US technology and popular culture generated both enthusiasm and criticism.
美国技术与流行文化的进口增加，既带来热情也带来批评。
Green parties in Western and Central Europe challenged consumerism and urged sustainable development.
西欧与中欧的绿党挑战消费主义，并主张可持续发展。
New communication and transportation technologies multiplied connections across space and time, transforming daily life.
新的通信与运输技术成倍增加了跨越空间与时间的连接，改变了日常生活。
Now the second story, which ran the whole time.
现在讲第二个故事， 它自始至终都在进行。
European states began to set aside nationalist rivalries in favour of economic and political integration, forming a series of institutions that became the European Union.
欧洲国家开始 把民族主义的对抗放到一边， 转而追求经济与政治一体化， 建立起一系列机构， 后来成为欧盟。
And the CED names the tension explicitly: member nations continue to balance questions of national sovereignty against the responsibilities of membership in an international body.
而课程大纲明确点出了这一张力： 成员国持续地 在国家主权 与作为国际机构成员的责任之间 寻求平衡。
That balance is the examinable issue, not the institutional history.
这一平衡才是考点， 而不是机构的历史。
Alongside it, decolonisation occurred over the course of the century with varying degrees of cooperation, interference or resistance from the imperial powers — and the consequence for Europe itself is the part students omit.
与之并行的是， 去殖民化在整个世纪中进行， 帝国列强的合作、干预或抵抗 程度各不相同， 而它对欧洲自身的后果 正是学生会漏掉的部分。
Losing empire changed what a European state was, and it produced the migration that comes next.
失去帝国 改变了一个欧洲国家是什么， 并且带来了接下来要讲的移民。
Because of the economic growth of the 1950s and 1960s, migrant workers from southern Europe, Asia and Africa immigrated to northern and western Europe.
由于五十与六十年代的经济增长， 来自南欧、亚洲与非洲的外来劳工 移入北欧与西欧。
Increased immigration altered Europe's religious makeup, causing debate and conflict over the role of religion in public life.
移民的增加 改变了欧洲的宗教构成， 引发了关于宗教在公共生活中角色的 辩论与冲突。
Note the CED's own causal order.
注意课程大纲自己的因果次序。
Economic growth created labour demand, and migration followed it.
经济增长制造了劳动力需求， 移民随之而来。
The debates came afterwards.
辩论是之后才出现的。
Get that order right before discussing the debates, because an answer that starts with the debates has left out why the people were there.
在讨论那些辩论之前 先把次序弄对， 因为从辩论开始的答案 漏掉了这些人为什么会在那里。
Culture, arts, and demographic trends moved with them: confidence in objective knowledge fell away, and the arts turned to experimentation, self-expression, subjectivity.
文化、艺术与人口趋势也随之变动： 对客观知识的信心逐渐消退，艺术转向实验、自我表达与主观性。
World war and depression undermined confidence in science and human reason, but organised religion continued to play a role in European social and cultural life — a continuity worth stating, because answers tend to assume simple secularisation.
世界大战与萧条削弱了对科学与人类理性的信心， 但有组织的宗教继续在欧洲社会与文化生活中发挥作用—— 这是值得写出的延续，因为答案往往会假定单纯的世俗化。
Mass production created a consumer culture.
大规模生产造就了消费文化。
With postwar recovery the birth rate rose dramatically: the baby boom, often promoted by government policy.
随着战后复苏，出生率急剧上升：婴儿潮，常常由政府政策推动。
Intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism, most significantly in the movements of the later 1960s. Arts were defined by experimentation and self-expression.
知识分子与青年反对他们所认为的资产阶级物质主义， 最显著的是六十年代后期的运动。
Gay and lesbian movements pressed for rights and recognition alongside women's movements.
艺术则以实验与自我表达为特征。
A typical short-answer here asks students to explain one way in which European integration after 1945 represented a change from earlier European international relations.
这里一道典型的简答题，要求学生解释一九四五年之后的欧洲一体化 在哪一点上不同于更早的欧洲国际关系。
A full-mark answer states the change against what it replaced.
满分答案要把变化对照它所取代的东西来说。
Before 1945 European states pursued national interest through competing alliances and, repeatedly, war.
一九四五年之前，欧洲国家通过相互竞争的同盟、并一再通过战争追求国家利益。
After 1945 they began to set aside those rivalries in favour of shared institutions.
一九四五年之后，它们开始把那些对抗放到一边，转而建立共享的机构。
A change claim needs the prior state of affairs named.
变化主张必须点出先前的状态。
Otherwise it is only a description.
否则它只是描述。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, the unit has two simultaneous stories — division and integration.
第一，本单元有两个同时进行的故事， 分裂与一体化。
Second, memorise the Cold War's methods, and note that direct war is absent.
第二，背下冷战的方法， 并注意直接战争是缺席的。
Third, "oscillated between repression and reform" beats either half alone.
第三，"在镇压与改革之间摆动" 胜过其中任何一半。
Fourth, Gorbachev's reforms were intended to strengthen the system.
第四，戈尔巴乔夫的改革 本意是加强这一体制。
Fifth, the welfare state grew on growth, and migration followed labour demand.
第五，福利国家建立在增长之上， 而移民随劳动力需求而来。