Перенос энергии и вещества
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL Тема 23 4:44 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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Energy available as new biomass usually decreases along a food chain.
作为新生物量可用的能量通常沿食物链递减。
Energy is conserved overall, but some transferred energy leaves the next-level production pathway.
能量总体守恒，但部分转移的能量会离开下一级的生产途径。
Producers convert an energy input into chemical energy in organic material.
生产者将能量输入转化为有机物质中的化学能。
Consumers obtain material by feeding.
消费者通过摄食获取物质。
Trophic transfer efficiency compares production available at one level with production at the preceding level over a common area and time.
营养级传递效率比较同一区域和时间范围内某一营养级的生产量与前一级生产量。
Energy can enter detrital pathways, remain in uneaten material, leave in egested waste, or be transferred as heat through respiration.
能量可进入碎屑途径、保留在未被食用的物质中、以排泄废物形式排出，或通过呼吸作用以热量形式散失。
Trophic transfer efficiency is production at one trophic level divided by production at the preceding level over a common interval.
营养级传递效率为同一时间段内某一营养级的生产量除以前一营养级的生产量。
Assimilation is the uptake of digested material into an organism's usable internal pool.
同化是指消化后的物质被吸收进入生物体可利用的内部库。
Use the same energy units and period in numerator and denominator.
分子和分母须使用相同的能量单位与时间周期。
Distinguish ingestion, assimilation, and production: consumed energy is not all assimilated, and assimilated energy is not all stored as new biomass.
区分摄食、同化与生产：摄入的能量并非全部被同化，同化的能量也并非全部储存为新生物量。
An energy pyramid records a flow per area per time; a standing biomass snapshot is a different quantity.
能量金字塔记录的是单位面积单位时间的能量流动；而现存生物量的快照则是不同的物理量。
In the lab: Analyse attributed or fictional ecosystem budget data.
在实验室中，分析归因或虚构的生态系统预算数据。
Draw a boundary and arrows for feeding, detritus and heat transfer.
绘制边界以及表示摄食、碎屑和热量传递的箭头。
Identify which values are measured and which inferred, and check whether the budget includes decomposers.
识别哪些数值是实测的，哪些是推断的，并检查该预算是否包含分解者。
Avoid treating a fixed 10% rule as a universal measurement for every ecosystem.
避免将固定的百分之十法则视为适用于所有生态系统的普遍测量值。
Known: producer production is 10,000 kJ per square metre per year, and primary consumer production is 1,200 kJ per square metre per year.
已知：生产者生产量为每平方米每年10,000千焦，初级消费者生产量为每平方米每年1,200千焦。
Transfer efficiency is 1,200 divided by 10,000, times 100, which equals 12 percent.
传递效率为1,200除以10,000乘以100，等于12%。
Secondary consumer production of 180 kJ per square metre per year gives 180 divided by 1,200, times 100, which equals 15 percent for that step.
次级消费者生产量为每平方米每年180千焦，该步骤的效率为180除以1,200乘以100，等于15%。
These different values show why a universal 10 percent assumption would misrepresent this dataset.
这些不同的数值表明，为何采用统一的10%假设会歪曲本数据集。
Your turn.
轮到你了。
Producer production is 8,000 and primary-consumer production is 800 kilojoules per square metre per year.
生产者生产量为 8000，初级消费者生产量为每平方米每年 800 千焦。
Calculate transfer efficiency.
请计算传递效率。
Energy is not destroyed when respiration transfers it as heat.
呼吸作用将能量以热能形式转移时，能量并不会被销毁。
Material can cycle through an ecosystem, while usable energy flow depends on continuing input.
物质可以在生态系统中循环，而可利用的能量流动则依赖于持续的输入。
A count pyramid or biomass snapshot cannot automatically be substituted into an energy-efficiency calculation.
数量金字塔或生物量快照不能直接代入能量效率计算中。
Not true: Respiration destroys energy instead of transferring it to other forms.
这种说法不正确。 呼吸作用并不会破坏能量，而是将能量转化为其他形式。
Respiration transfers energy to the surroundings as heat - the energy still exists.
呼吸作用将能量以热能的形式传递给周围环境，但能量依然存在。
"Loss" between trophic levels means energy leaves the food chain's usable flow; conservation is never violated.
“营养级之间的损失”是指能量离开了食物链的可利用流动过程。 能量守恒定律从未被违反。
Producers convert an energy input into chemical energy in organic material.
生产者将输入的能量转化为有机材料中的化学能。
Use the same energy units and period in numerator and denominator.
分子和分母中使用相同的能量单位和时间段。
Watch for: energy is not destroyed when respiration transfers it as heat.
注意：呼吸作用以热量形式转移能量时，能量并未被销毁。
Producer production is 6,000 and primary consumer production is 900 kilojoules per square metre per year.
生产者生产量为6,000，初级消费者生产量为900 kJ/m²/年。
Find the transfer efficiency.
求传递效率。
Respiration transfers energy. It does not destroy it.
呼吸作用转移能量，但不会销毁它。
The result is a transfer efficiency of 15 percent.
结果是传递效率为15%。
Producers make 10 thousand kilojoules per square metre per year and primary consumers 1,200: a transfer of 12 percent.
生产者每年每平方米生产1万千焦，初级消费者1200千焦，传递效率为百分之十二。
The next step is 15 percent, so a fixed 10 percent rule would mislead.
下一级为百分之十五，因此固定的百分之十规则会产生误导。
Fictional production values are 12,000, 1,800 and 180 kilojoules per square metre per year at successive levels.
虚构的生产量数值在连续的营养级中分别为每平方米每年 12000、1800 和 180 千焦。
Find both transfer efficiencies and explain why a universal 10 percent assumption fails.
计算两个能量传递效率，并解释为何通用的百分之十假设不成立。
The efficiencies are 15 percent, then 10 percent.
两次传递效率依次为 15% 和 10%。
Use adjacent levels with the same area and time basis; losses and unconsumed material vary.
要使用相邻营养级、并以相同的面积和时间为基准；损失和未被取食的物质各不相同。
The dataset gives two different fractions.
这组数据给出了两个不同的比例。
Pause and check yourself. Explain each point on screen in your own words, then change one number in the last example and say which assumption must still hold.
暂停一下，自我检查：用自己的话解释屏幕上的每个要点，再改动最后一个例子中的一个数字，说明哪个假设仍然必须成立。