Чувствительность, восприятие и психофизика
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Тема 12 4:45 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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A threshold is defined by a detection criterion under specified conditions, often 50% detection for an absolute threshold, rather than a sharp physical boundary between always seen and never seen.
阈值是由特定条件下的检测标准定义的，对于绝对阈值而言，通常是50%的检测率，而不是在始终可见与永远不可见之间存在的清晰物理界限。
Weber's approximation predicts changes proportional to a baseline within its useful range.
韦伯近似值在其有效范围内预测变化与基线成正比。
Transduction changes energy into neural signalling; perception groups and interprets that input.
转导将能量转化为神经信号；知觉对这些输入进行分组和解释。
A change in reporting incentives primarily concerns decision criterion, while changes in physical contrast may affect sensitivity.
报告激励的变化主要涉及决策标准，而物理对比度的变化可能会影响敏感性。
Psychophysics relates physical intensity to experience.
心理物理学将物理强度与主观体验联系起来。
An absolute threshold is a stimulus level meeting a specified detection criterion under specified conditions, often 50 percent detection; a difference threshold is a detectable change under a stated criterion.
绝对阈值是指在特定条件下达到指定检测标准的刺激水平，通常为百分之五十的检出率。 差别阈值是指在指定标准下可察觉的变化量。
Weber's law states that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the baseline: delta I over I equals k.
韦伯定律指出，差别阈值是基线的一个恒定分数：delta I 除以 I 等于 k。
With k equal to 0.02, a 100 gram weight needs a 2 gram change, while 200 grams needs 4 grams.
当 k 等于 0.02 时，100 克的重量需要 2 克的变化，而 200 克的重量则需要 4 克的变化。
Fechner proposed that perceived intensity grows logarithmically with physical intensity.
费希纳提出，感知强度随物理强度的对数增长。
Real detection is noisy, so signal detection theory separates sensitivity from bias.
真实检测存在噪声，因此信号检测论将敏感性与判断偏向区分开来。
Presenting signal or noise on each trial gives four outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms and correct rejections.
在每次试验中呈现信号或噪声，会产生四种结果：击中、漏报、虚报和正确拒绝。
Sensitivity d′ measures how separated the signal and noise distributions are; the criterion measures the observer's willingness to say yes.
敏感性d prime衡量信号与噪声分布之间的分离程度。 判断标准则反映观察者说“有”的意愿。
A payoff change can move the criterion without changing d′, so hit rate alone is not sensitivity.
奖励结构的改变可以移动判断标准而不改变d prime，因此仅凭击中率无法代表敏感性。
Sensation begins with transduction: receptors convert physical energy into neural signals, as photoreceptors convert light and hair cells convert sound pressure.
感觉始于转导：感受器将物理能量转化为神经信号，例如视锥细胞将光能转化，毛细胞将声压转化。
Sensory adaptation reduces response to a constant stimulus.
感觉适应会降低对恒定刺激的反应。
Dark adaptation is the recovering sensitivity of the visual system in low light.
暗适应是视觉系统在低光照环境下恢复敏感度的过程。
Perception organises input rather than copying it.
知觉是对输入信息进行组织，而非简单复制。
Gestalt principles group by proximity, similarity, closure and good continuation.
格式塔原则包括邻近性、相似性、闭合性和良好连续性的分组。
Bottom-up processing builds percepts from features; top-down processing applies context and expectation.
自下而上的加工从特征构建知觉；自上而下的加工应用背景和预期。
Categorical perception treats continuous acoustic variation as discrete phonemes: within a category, differences are hard to hear even when physically present.
范畴感知将连续的声学变异视为离散的音素：在同一范畴内，即使物理差异客观存在，也往往难以分辨。
With a fictional Weber fraction k equal to 0.03, estimate the just noticeable difference for 100 gram and 300 gram baselines.
设虚构的韦伯分数 k 等于 0.03，估计 100 克和 300 克基线下的最小可觉差。
Delta I over I equals k, so delta I equals k I.
ΔI 除以 I 等于 k，所以 ΔI 等于 k 乘以 I。
Delta I is 0.03 times 100 grams, which is 3 grams; and 0.03 times 300 grams, which is 9 grams.
ΔI 等于 0.03 乘以 100 克，即 3 克；以及 0.03 乘以 300 克，即 9 克。
The fraction is dimensionless and the result has the baseline's unit.
该分数无量纲，结果的单位与基线相同。
A constant 3 gram prediction at both baselines would ignore the proportional model.
若在两个基线下都预测恒定的 3 克，就忽略了比例模型。
The approximation does not establish identical thresholds for all observers or intensities.
这一近似并不能确立所有观察者或所有强度下阈值相同。
Four outcomes let sensitivity be measured separately from the bias towards saying yes.
四种结果让我们把敏感度和说"是"的倾向分开衡量。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A listener says yes on more signal and more noise trials after a warning.
听者在警告之后，在信号试验和噪声试验中都说“是”的次数增加了。
Explain why sensory adaptation is not the only or best initial explanation.
请解释为什么感觉适应不是唯一或最佳的初始解释。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
A warning can shift the response criterion toward reporting a signal.
警告可以将反应标准偏向于报告信号。
Compare both hit and false-alarm rates, not hits alone.
应同时比较击中率和虚报率，而不仅仅是击中率。
Sensory adaptation concerns changing sensory response during sustained stimulation; the warning manipulation does not by itself establish that process.
感觉适应涉及在持续刺激期间感官反应的变化；仅靠警告操纵本身并不能确立这一过程。
A sensitivity analysis could test whether signal/noise separation also changed.
敏感性分析可以检验信噪分离是否也发生了变化。
Treating the difference threshold as a fixed amount rather than a fraction of the baseline, or reading a higher hit rate as better sensitivity when the observer simply says yes more.
将差别阈限视为固定量而非基线的分数，或在观察者只是更多地说“是”时，将更高的击中率解读为更好的敏感度。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源及其局限性。
People say yes more often after a reward changes.
人们在奖励改变后更频繁地回答“是”。
How could signal-detection analysis separate sensitivity from criterion?
信号检测分析如何区分敏感性与判断标准？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。