Нейроны, синапсы и системы мозга
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Тема 13 4:20 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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Graded input can vary in size and combine at the trigger region; a propagated action potential is all-or-none.
分级输入的大小可以变化，并在触发区进行整合。 传播的动作电位是全或无的。
Stronger input can change firing frequency and recruitment, rather than making every spike taller.
更强的输入可以改变放电频率和募集，而不是使每个峰电位都更高。
At a chemical synapse, arrival opens calcium channels, vesicles release transmitter and receptors alter the receiving cell.
在化学突触处，递质到达会打开钙离子通道。 囊泡释放递质，受体改变接收细胞的状态。
An agonist increases a receptor-related action; an antagonist blocks it.
激动剂增强与受体相关的活动。 抗剂则阻断该活动。
Effects depend on receptor and circuit, not just the transmitter's name.
效应取决于受体和回路，而不仅仅是递质的名称。
The action potential begins at the axon hillock, where graded inputs sum; once the threshold is reached the neuron fires a complete spike (the all-or-none principle), and during the absolute refractory period it cannot fire again.
动作电位起始于轴丘，此处分级输入发生总和。 一旦达到阈值，神经元便产生完整尖峰，遵循全或无原则。
Stimulus intensity is coded by firing rate and by how many neurons fire, not by spike size.
在绝对不应期内，它无法再次发放。 刺激强度由发放频率和参与发放的神经元数量编码，而非尖峰幅度。
Myelin insulates the axon and speeds conduction by saltatory conduction between the nodes of Ranvier; demyelinating disease slows or blocks conduction.
髓鞘对轴突起绝缘作用，并通过朗飞结之间的跳跃式传导加速信号传递。 脱髓鞘疾病会减缓或阻断传导。
At the synapse, the arriving spike opens calcium channels, vesicles release neurotransmitter into the cleft, and receptors on the postsynaptic cell convert binding into a new graded potential.
在突触处，到达的神经冲动打开钙离子通道。 囊泡将神经递质释放到突触间隙中。
Reuptake and enzymatic breakdown clear the transmitter.
突触后细胞上的受体将结合转化为新的分级电位。 再摄取和酶解作用清除神经递质。
A drug can be an agonist (mimicking or enhancing a transmitter) or an antagonist (blocking receptors); SSRIs block serotonin reuptake, leaving more in the cleft.
药物可以是激动剂（模拟或增强神经递质）或拮抗剂（阻断受体）。 SSRIs 阻断血清素的再摄取，使突触间隙中的血清素增多。
Structure-function anchors: the amygdala supports emotion and fear learning; the hippocampus is needed to form new episodic memories; the hypothalamus regulates drives and homeostasis; the cerebellum coordinates movement; Broca's area supports speech production and Wernicke's area comprehension; the prefrontal cortex supports planning and control.
结构与功能锚点：杏仁核支持情绪与恐惧学习；海马体负责形成新的情景记忆；下丘脑调节驱动力与稳态；小脑协调运动；布罗卡区支持言语产生，韦尼克区负责语言理解；前额叶皮层支持计划与控制。
Localisation is real but partial: most behaviours involve distributed networks.
定位确实存在，但具有局限性：大多数行为涉及分布式网络。
Dopamine illustrates specificity: it supports movement and reward, its loss produces Parkinson's disease, and excessive dopaminergic signalling is linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which many antipsychotics treat by blocking D2 receptors.
多巴胺体现了特异性：它支持运动与奖赏，其缺失导致帕金森病，而过度的多巴胺能信号传导则与精神分裂症的阳性症状相关，许多抗精神病药物通过阻断D2受体来治疗该病。
One transmitter serves many systems, so a drug's behavioural effect depends on the pathway, not the molecule alone.
同一种神经递质可服务于多个系统，因此药物的行为效应取决于通路，而非分子本身。
A fictional substance blocks receptors without activating them.
一种虚构物质阻断受体但不激活它们。
Another slows transmitter reuptake.
另一种减缓递质再摄取。
Predict their immediate actions with qualifications.
请带限定条件预测它们的即时作用。
The receptor blocker acts as an antagonist at the stated receptor.
该受体阻断剂在所述受体上充当拮抗剂。
Slower reuptake can prolong or increase transmitter availability in the cleft.
较慢的再摄取可能延长或增加突触间隙中递质的可用性。
Neither description establishes an overall behavioural effect: receptor subtype, feedback and affected pathways matter.
这两种描述均无法确定整体行为效应，因为受体亚型、反馈机制及受影响的通路至关重要。
Do not infer a drug recommendation.
请勿推断药物推荐。
A spike starts at the initial segment and travels along the axon to the terminals.
动作电位在起始段产生，沿轴突传到末梢。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A stronger stimulus produces more spikes of unchanged height.
更强的刺激会产生更多但高度不变的尖峰。
A pupil calls this evidence against all-or-none firing.
有学生将此称为反对全或无放电的证据。
Correct the inference.
请纠正这一推论。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Unchanged spike amplitude fits all-or-none action potentials.
未变的尖峰幅度符合全或无动作电位。
Firing rate can carry information about input strength, and more neurons may also be recruited.
发放率可以携带关于输入强度的信息，并且可能还会招募更多神经元。
Separate spike amplitude from number of spikes per second and population activity.
需将尖峰幅度与每秒尖峰数及群体活动区分开。
A diagram must label which quantity is plotted before being interpreted.
在解读图表之前，必须标明所绘制的是哪种量。
Describing a stronger stimulus as producing a bigger spike, or naming a single brain centre as the whole basis of a complex behaviour.
描述更强的刺激产生更大的尖峰，或将单一脑区视为复杂行为的唯一基础。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源与局限性。
An imaging region is active during two different tasks.
一个成像区域在两项不同的任务中均被激活。
Why is one activation insufficient to identify a unique function?
为什么仅凭一次激活不足以确定其唯一功能？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，写出有依据的答案。