Давление
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| pressure/ˈpreʃə/ | давление |
| pascal/ˈpæskl/ | паскаль |
| fluids/ˈfluːɪdz/ | жидкости |
Why a sharp knife cuts
- Press a blunt stick into your hand — nothing happens. A sharp pin at the same push hurts.
- The force is the same; what changed is the area it acts on.
- That idea is pressure 压强 — and it explains knives, snowshoes, and the deep sea.
What is pressure?
- Pressure is the force pressing on each unit of area:
- The unit is the pascal 帕斯卡 (Pa); $1\ \text{Pa} = 1\ \text{N/m}^2$.
- Same force, smaller area → bigger pressure.
Давление
p = ρg·h
Pressure in a liquid is proportional to depth.
A box pushes down with a force of $200\ \text{N}$ over an area of $0.50\ \text{m}^2$. What is the pressure, in Pa?
Сложность 2/5 · 140 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
$p = \dfrac{F}{A} = \dfrac{200}{0.50} = 400\ \text{Pa}$.
Why area matters
- A sharp knife or a drawing pin has a tiny area, so it makes a huge pressure and cuts or pierces easily.
- Snowshoes and tractor tyres have a large area, so they make a small pressure and do not sink in.
- Camels' wide feet work the same way on soft sand.
Same force, different area → different pressure. The narrow base sinks; the wide base stays on top.
Worked example. A 600 N person stands on one foot (area $0.02\ \text{m}^2$). Pressure $= \dfrac{600}{0.02} = 30\,000\ \text{Pa}$. On both feet (area $0.04\ \text{m}^2$): pressure $= 15\,000\ \text{Pa}$ — half as much.
Pressure acts in all directions in fluids 流体. When you dive deep, water pushes on your ears from every side — not just from above. The formula $\Delta p = \rho g\,\Delta h$ gives the pressure at that depth in all directions.
Why does a sharp knife cut better than a blunt one (with the same push)?
Сложность 1/5 · 100 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
Same force on a tiny area means a very large pressure ($p = F/A$), so it cuts easily.
Snowshoes stop you sinking into snow because they:
Сложность 1/5 · 100 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
A larger area means a smaller pressure for the same weight, so you do not sink in.
Pressure in a liquid
- In a liquid, pressure increases with depth and with the liquid's density:
- It acts in all directions, not just downward.
- This is why a dam is built thicker at the bottom, where the water pressure is greatest, and why your ears hurt deep underwater.
The deeper the liquid, the greater the pressure, so the outward push on the wall grows with depth
Pressure in a liquid acts in all directions, not just downward.
Сложность 1/5 · 100 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
A liquid pushes equally in all directions at a given depth — that is why it presses on the sides of a container too.
Find the extra pressure $2.0\ \text{m}$ deep in water ($\rho = 1000\ \text{kg/m}^3$, $g = 9.8\ \text{N/kg}$), in Pa.
Сложность 2/5 · 140 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
$\Delta p = \rho g\,\Delta h = 1000 \times 9.8 \times 2.0 = 19\,600\ \text{Pa}$.
You've got it
- pressure $p = \dfrac{F}{A}$, unit the pascal ($1\ \text{Pa} = 1\ \text{N/m}^2$)
- small area → big pressure (knife); large area → small pressure (snowshoes)
- in a liquid, pressure rises with depth and density: $\Delta p = \rho g\,\Delta h$, acting in all directions
Write from a pressure of 600 pascals
- A force of 150 N acts on an area of 0.25 square metres.
- Find the pressure. Say what happens if that area is halved.
A force of 150 N acts on an area of 0.25 square metres. What is the pressure, and what is it if the same force acts on half the area?
150 divided by 0.25 is 600. Dividing the area by 2 multiplies the pressure by 2.
What is the pressure on 0.25 square metres?
Сложность 1/5 · 100 монет + небольшой бонус за первое выполнение сегодня
150 divided by 0.25 is 600 pascals. Other options — 400 pascals (the lesson example's result for 200 N on 0.50 square metres); 30000 pascals (the worked example for 600 N on 0.02 square metres).