HSK 4 Grammar 20: Complements
HSK · HSK · HSK 4 Tópico 20 3:49 Narração em inglês · Legendas em inglês + 中文 gravadas
Capítulos
Transcrição
Four complement families. Qilai in its three everyday jobs, up, gather away, start to. Directional lai and qu, toward me and away from me. The sense-verb frame, kan, ting and chi plus qilai. And the potential complements, verb plus de or bu plus a result. The tested traps are the place slot in directional compounds and negating potential complements with bu rather than buneng.
Qilai does three everyday jobs. Literal up: zhan qilai, stand up. Figuratively gather up and stow away: shou qilai, cun qilai to save up, cang qilai to hide, and the gather sense loves a ba sentence, ba ni de wanju dou shou qilai, put all your toys away. Start to: chang qilai, daijia chang qilai tiao qilai, everyone start singing and dancing. And the memory bonus, xiang qilai, it comes up to mind, to recall, which you must not swap with xiang chulai, to think up: the complement changes the meaning.
Directional complements answer which way the action moves relative to the speaker. Lai is toward me: wo zai loushang, ni shanglai, I'm upstairs, come up; keyi dai pengyou guolai ma, can I bring friends over. Qu is away from me: jinqu, go in; huiqu, go back. They fuse into compounds, jinlai, chugu, guolai, huiqu. And the classic slip is the place object, which slots between the verb and lai or qu: hui Meiguo qu is right, huiqu Meiguo is wrong, and hui jia lai works while hui lai jia does not.
A second life for qilai. After an adjective, it marks a quality beginning to set in: tianqi re qilai le, the weather's starting to get hot, the onset of what yuelaiyue would describe later, and it usually closes with le because it is happening now. After a perception verb, it means seems: kan qilai looks, ting qilai sounds, chi qilai tastes. Ta kan qilai hen youhao, he looks very friendly. Two frames, one complement.
The potential complements slot de, can, or bu, cannot, between a verb and its result, asking whether the result is achievable. Ni ting de dong Shanghai hua ma, can you understand Shanghainese. Zhe zhong shouji xianzai mai bu dao le, you can't get this kind of phone any more. They build from result complements like dong, wan, dao, jian, qingchu, giving pairs like ting de dong and ting bu dong, zuo de wan and zuo bu wan. And the boundary: this asks whether you can reach the result, different from neng, being allowed or having the chance, which is why kan bu dong is more natural than buneng kan dong.
Pause and check both. First, hui Meiguo qu, or plain hui Meiguo, with the place object between the verb and qu. Second, wo zuo bu wan, I can't finish it, the potential negative, not buneng zuo wan which claims a lack of permission. The remaining review items: zhan qilai, shou qilai and chang qilai show the up, gather and start senses, and tianqi leng qilai marks the onset, taking its le because it is starting now.