… 等 / 等等 (etc.)
Examples need not exhaust a category
- A list gives apples and bananas as examples of fruit.
- 苹果、香蕉等水果。 — 等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
Examples need not exhaust a category
- A list gives apples and bananas as examples of fruit.
- apple苹果、banana香蕉to wait for等fruit水果。 — to wait for等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
A list gives apples and bananas as examples of fruit. What does 苹果、香蕉等水果。 communicate?
等 links the examples to the broader fruit category. This list is not necessarily complete. 等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope.
Build the form
- The pattern in this lesson is … 等 / 等等 (etc.). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
- Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.
apple苹果、banana香蕉etc.等fruit水果。
Build the form
- The pattern in this lesson is … to wait for等 / et cetera等等 (etc.). Locate it in the original interlinear examples below.
- Keep the words in their demonstrated positions; the pattern must fit the intended situation as well as the sentence form.
apple苹果、banana香蕉etc.等fruit水果。
Using the lesson pattern in this demonstrated example: Apples, bananas, etc. — fruit: 苹果、香蕉 ____ 水果。
… 等 + summary noun = etc.: 苹果、香蕉等水果. · **… 等 + substantivo resumo** = etc.: 苹果、香蕉等水果.
Read examples in context
- In the opening example, 苹果、香蕉等水果。: 等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
- Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.
Read examples in context
- In the opening example, apple苹果、banana香蕉to wait for等fruit水果。: to wait for等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
- Explain who acts, what is described and which time or group is relevant before choosing an English paraphrase.
等 / 等等 compared with 什么的 is… · 等 / 等等 comparado com 什么的 é…
等 / 等等 = formal “etc.”; 什么的 = casual “and stuff”. · 等 / 等等 = “etc.” formal; 什么的 = “e tal coisa” casual.
Know the boundary
- This list is not necessarily complete.
- 等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope.
Know the boundary
- This list is not necessarily complete.
- to wait for等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope.
等 can be followed by a summary noun (等水果). · 等 pode ser seguido por um substantivo resumo (等水果).
Yes: …等水果 (…and other fruit); 等等 just means “and so on”. · Sim: …等水果 (…e outras frutas); 等等 apenas significa “e tal coisa”.
The phrase says apples and bananas are the only fruits that exist.
This list is not necessarily complete. 等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope. 等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
Use the distinction
- 等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
- This list is not necessarily complete. 等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope.
Read the full reference: HSK 4 grammar — Auxiliary words.
Use the distinction
- to wait for等 links the examples to the broader fruit category.
- This list is not necessarily complete. to wait for等 can also close an explicit enumerated set, so the surrounding wording determines the scope.
Read the full reference: HSK 4 grammar — Auxiliary words.