Psychology as a science · Psicologia como ciência
| English | Português |
|---|---|
| psychology/saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ | psicologia |
| perspectives/pəˈspektɪvz/ | perspectivas |
| research methods/rɪˈsɜːtʃ ˈmeθədz/ | métodos de pesquisa |
| independent variable/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | variável independente |
| dependent variable/dɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | variável dependente |
| counterbalancing/ˈkaʊntəbælənsɪŋ/ | balanceamento cruzado |
A second attempt can change the result
- A class recalls more words with music, but everyone tried silence first. Practice may explain the difference.
- Psychology · Psicologia 心理学 studies behaviour and mental processes systematically. A plausible explanation needs a design that can challenge it.
What does calling psychology "scientific" commit it to? · O que chamar psicologia de "científica" compromete-a a?
Everyone has theories about people. Evidence is what separates the ones that survive a test. · Todos têm teorias sobre pessoas. Evidência é o que separa as que sobrevivem a um teste.
Separate explanation from method
- Biological, behavioural, cognitive, humanistic and psychodynamic perspectives 视角 emphasise different explanations. Use the requested perspective and state its mechanism.
- Research methods 研究方法 include experiments, observation and surveys. An experiment changes an independent variable 自变量 and measures a dependent variable 因变量.
"Cognitive" and "experiment" are two words for the same thing. · "Cognitivo" e "experimento" são duas palavras para a mesma coisa.
Cognitive is a perspective — a way of explaining. An experiment is a method — a way of finding out. · Cognitivo é uma perspectiva — uma forma de explicar. Experimento é um método — uma forma de descobrir.
Plan a comparable test
- For music and memory, keep study time, room and list difficulty comparable. Reusing the same list may itself create practice effects.
- Counterbalancing 平衡设计 gives some participants music first and others silence first. It helps balance order effects; it does not eliminate every carryover effect or create an experiment by itself.
In the music-and-memory study, match each element to its role. · No estudo de música e memória, combine cada elemento com seu papel.
The manipulation, outcome and controls support the comparison. Selection, order, carryover and ethics also need attention.
Report the evidence and limits
- Compare recall in the two conditions and record variation. A small classroom result does not establish that music helps every person or every kind of learning.
- Plan appropriate consent, withdrawal arrangements, risk minimisation and debriefing under the approved procedure. A correct prediction is not an ethical requirement.
Why swap the order of conditions for half the participants? · Por trocar a ordem das condições para metade dos participantes?
Counterbalancing helps distribute order effects. It does not create an experiment by itself or eliminate every carryover effect.
A class uses the same words twice, always with silence first. Does counterbalancing alone remove the risk of remembering the words?
Swapping order can balance some order effects, while learning the same words may still influence the later attempt.
Carry the design to a new question
- For a comparison of two teaching methods, using different lesson topics can introduce another explanation. Comparable topic difficulty matters as well as lesson length.
- Identify the manipulation, measure, competing explanation and safeguard. A perspective is an explanatory approach; a method collects evidence.
Music first for group A and silence first for group B balances order. If the same words are repeated, earlier learning may still carry over.
Counterbalancing does not make two unequal tasks comparable. Check list difficulty and repeated exposure as well as order.
Identify the manipulation, measure, competing explanation and safeguard. A perspective is an explanatory approach; a method collects evidence.
Which must a study design include? Choose all that apply. · Qual deve um desenho de estudo incluir? Selecione todos os aplicáveis.
Plan consent, voluntary participation and an appropriate debrief under the approved procedure. A correct prediction is not required.