Exercise physiology: responses and recovery
| English | 中文 | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| cardiac output/ˈkɑːdiæk ˈaʊtpʊt/ | 心输出量 | xīn shū chū liàng |
| stroke volume/strəʊk ˈvɒljuːm/ | 每搏输出量 | měi bó shū chū liàng |
What would explain this observation?
- Heart rate increases during a short exercise bout, then recovers. This time course connects energy demand, oxygen transport and cardiovascular regulation.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Cardiac output 心输出量 is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume 每搏输出量. Ventilation supports gas exchange, while blood transport delivers oxygen to working tissues. ATP demand changes as muscle activity changes.
- cardiac output: Blood volume pumped per minute; stroke volume: Blood volume pumped per beat.
Which distinguishes a training adaptation from an acute response?
An acute response occurs during or soon after exercise. A training adaptation develops over repeated sessions. A lower post-exercise heart rate cannot alone establish greater fitness without comparable workload and participant conditions.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- An acute response occurs during or soon after exercise. A training adaptation develops over repeated sessions. A lower post-exercise heart rate cannot alone establish greater fitness without comparable workload and participant conditions.
- Use voluntary informed participation, school supervision and an approved low-intensity protocol. Record baseline, a standardized workload and timed recovery measurements. Stop for discomfort and do not use maximal exertion or health diagnosis as a classroom task.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
Use voluntary informed participation, school supervision and an approved low-intensity protocol. Record baseline, a standardized workload and timed recovery measurements. Stop for discomfort and do not use maximal exertion or health diagnosis as a classroom task.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: heart rate is 120 beats per minute and stroke volume 80 millilitres per beat. Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume = 120×80 = 9,600 millilitres per minute = 9.6 litres per minute.
Heart rate is 100 beats/min and stroke volume is 70 mL/beat. Find cardiac output in L/min. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
Heart rate is 100 beats/min and stroke volume is 70 mL/beat. Find cardiac output in L/min.
The result is 7 L/min. Known: heart rate is 120 beats per minute and stroke volume 80 millilitres per beat. Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume = 120×80 = 9,600 millilitres per minute = 9.6 litres per minute.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- A heart-rate monitor measures one response, not every dimension of performance. Hydration, stress, medication and recent activity can confound comparisons.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
A single heart-rate reading proves a person fitness level. This claim is false: A heart-rate monitor measures one response, not every dimension of performance. Hydration, stress, medication and recent activity can confound comparisons.
Exercise physiology: responses and recovery: An acute response occurs during or soon after exercise. A training adaptation develops over repeated sessions. A lower post-exercise heart rate cannot alone establish greater fitness without comparable workload and participant conditions.
A single heart-rate reading proves a person fitness level.
A heart-rate monitor measures one response, not every dimension of performance. Hydration, stress, medication and recent activity can confound comparisons.
Blood volume pumped per minute: write the technical term.
cardiac output means Blood volume pumped per minute.