Derivatives and stationary points
| English | 中文 | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| derivative/dɪˈrɪvətɪv/ | 导数 | dǎo shù |
What is the slope at one point?
- A curved road has different slopes at different positions. An average gradient cannot describe every point.
- This lesson studies derivative 导数: The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent.
Choose the mathematical structure
- For y=ax^n, dy/dx=anx^(n-1). A stationary point satisfies dy/dx=0. Check the sign change of the derivative, or the second derivative when it is nonzero, to classify it.
- State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Which description correctly defines derivative?
The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent.
Work through a checked case
- Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
For y=x³-3x, dy/dx=3x²-3. At x=2, the gradient is 9 and y=2. The tangent is y-2=9(x-2). The normal gradient is -1/9.
Derivatives and stationary points
For y=ax^n, dy/dx=anx^(n-1)
Compare the model with the worked case and explain one change.
For y=x³-3x, find dy/dx at x=2.
dy/dx=3x²-3. At x=2 it is 12-3=9.
Test a tempting shortcut
- A derivative gives a gradient, not the ordinate. Evaluate y and dy/dx separately at the supplied x-coordinate; the normal gradient is the negative reciprocal of a nonzero tangent gradient.
- When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
A tangent and normal at the same point always have the same gradient. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
For y=x³-3x, find y at x=2.
Substitute into the original curve: y(2)=8-6=2.
A tangent and normal at the same point always have the same gradient.
A derivative gives a gradient, not the ordinate. Evaluate y and dy/dx separately at the supplied x-coordinate; the normal gradient is the negative reciprocal of a nonzero tangent gradient.
Interpret a new situation
- P1 covers polynomial derivatives, gradients, tangents and normals. Optimization and stationary-point classification are taught in P2; they are not introduced here.
- A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
For y=4x³, find dy/dx at x=2.
The derivative is 12x²; at 2 it is 12×4=48.
Match each part of a complete solution to its purpose.
An assumption justifies the model; a check tests the result; interpretation connects it to the question.
Use this in your course
- edexcel IAL mathematics; official unit P1. Other-unit enrichment is identified in the scope review; it is not an extra cash-in requirement.
- Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.