Cloning routes: identify the genetic source
| English | 中文 | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| tissue culture/ˈtɪʃuː ˈkʌltʃə/ | 组织培养 | zǔ zhī péi yǎng |
| nuclear transfer/ˈnjuːklɪə ˈtrænsfɜː/ | 核移植 | hé yí zhí |
What would explain this observation?
- An animal clone can develop in a host that did not provide its body-cell nucleus. Identify which role supplies the specified genetic information.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Plant tissue culture 组织培养 uses small groups of plant cells to grow identical new plants, useful in nurseries and preserving rare species. Cuttings are an older, simpler way to produce new plants from a parent. Embryo transplant cloning splits cells from an early animal embryo before specialisation, then transfers the resulting identical embryos into host mothers.
- tissue culture: Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells; nuclear transfer 核移植: Moving a body-cell nucleus into an egg whose nucleus has been removed.
Which supplies the nucleus in adult-cell cloning?
In adult-cell cloning, remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and insert a nucleus from an adult body cell such as skin. An electric shock stimulates division into an embryo. When it forms a ball of cells, transfer it into a female’s womb. The specified embryo genetic-information comparison concerns the adult nuclear donor; the host supplies the developmental environment. Detailed mitochondrial inheritance is outside this GCSE account.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- In adult-cell cloning, remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and insert a nucleus from an adult body cell such as skin. An electric shock stimulates division into an embryo. When it forms a ball of cells, transfer it into a female’s womb. The specified embryo genetic-information comparison concerns the adult nuclear donor; the host supplies the developmental environment. Detailed mitochondrial inheritance is outside this GCSE account.
- Draw separate diagrams for plant cloning, embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer. A teacher-supervised plant cutting can be observed over time with matched care; animal procedures remain diagram/evidence study. Compare useful genetic uniformity with vulnerability to shared disease, costs, animal welfare and ethical objections. Cloning a rare plant is not a substitute for protecting its habitat.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
Draw separate diagrams for plant cloning, embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer. A teacher-supervised plant cutting can be observed over time with matched care; animal procedures remain diagram/evidence study. Compare useful genetic uniformity with vulnerability to shared disease, costs, animal welfare and ethical objections. Cloning a rare plant is not a substitute for protecting its habitat.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: a nursery roots 36 of 48 cuttings. Success = 36/48×100 = 75%. This measures establishment in that trial, not proof that every genetic characteristic or adult size is identical. Conditions during growth can affect phenotype even when plants are genetic clones in the stated model.
Forty-five of 60 plant cuttings establish. Find success percentage. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
Forty-five of 60 plant cuttings establish. Find success percentage.
The result is 75 %. Known: a nursery roots 36 of 48 cuttings. Success = 36/48×100 = 75%. This measures establishment in that trial, not proof that every genetic characteristic or adult size is identical. Conditions during growth can affect phenotype even when plants are genetic clones in the stated model.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Adult-cell cloning does not fertilise an egg with the donor skin cell. Embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer start from different material. A genetically identical group does not provide the variation benefits of sexual reproduction.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
Adult-cell cloning requires fusion of sperm and egg gametes. This claim is false: Adult-cell cloning does not fertilise an egg with the donor skin cell. Embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer start from different material. A genetically identical group does not provide the variation benefits of sexual reproduction.
Cloning routes: identify the genetic source: In adult-cell cloning, remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and insert a nucleus from an adult body cell such as skin. An electric shock stimulates division into an embryo. When it forms a ball of cells, transfer it into a female’s womb. The specified embryo genetic-information comparison concerns the adult nuclear donor; the host supplies the developmental environment. Detailed mitochondrial inheritance is outside this GCSE account.
Adult-cell cloning requires fusion of sperm and egg gametes.
Adult-cell cloning does not fertilise an egg with the donor skin cell. Embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer start from different material. A genetically identical group does not provide the variation benefits of sexual reproduction.
Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells: write the technical term.
tissue culture means Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells.