Temperature control: detect hot and cold
| English | 中文 | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| vasodilation/ˌvæsədɪˈleɪʃn/ | 血管舒张 | xuè guǎn shū zhāng |
| vasoconstriction/ˌvæsəkənˈstrɪkʃn/ | 血管收缩 | xuè guǎn shōu suō |
What would explain this observation?
- The skin can detect a change outside while the brain also monitors blood temperature. These signals help coordinate responses to keep internal conditions suitable.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- The thermoregulatory centre in the brain monitors and controls body temperature. It contains receptors sensitive to the blood temperature. Temperature receptors in the skin send nervous impulses to this centre. When temperature is too high, blood vessels supplying the skin dilate, called vasodilation 血管舒张, and sweat glands produce sweat.
- vasodilation: Widening of blood vessels supplying surface tissues in the temperature-control model; vasoconstriction 血管收缩: Narrowing of blood vessels supplying surface tissues in the temperature-control model.
Which response set matches a too-cold condition?
When temperature is too low, those blood vessels constrict, called vasoconstriction, sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract repeatedly in shivering. These are coordinated responses rather than conscious choices alone. The specification connects hot-condition responses with transfer of energy from skin to the environment; the separate Higher lesson explains each mechanism in a stated context.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- When temperature is too low, those blood vessels constrict, called vasoconstriction, sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract repeatedly in shivering. These are coordinated responses rather than conscious choices alone. The specification connects hot-condition responses with transfer of energy from skin to the environment; the separate Higher lesson explains each mechanism in a stated context.
- Arrange detection, coordination and response cards for hot and cold scenarios. Identify the receptors separately from sweat glands and muscles as effectors. Use supplied fictional temperature records; do not expose participants to extreme heat or cold, restrict fluids or provoke shivering experimentally. A safe model comparison can use ordinary containers rather than people.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
Arrange detection, coordination and response cards for hot and cold scenarios. Identify the receptors separately from sweat glands and muscles as effectors. Use supplied fictional temperature records; do not expose participants to extreme heat or cold, restrict fluids or provoke shivering experimentally. A safe model comparison can use ordinary containers rather than people.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: a fictional record has temperatures 37.1, 37.3, 37.0 and 37.2 °C. Mean = 148.6/4 = 37.15 °C and range = 0.3 °C. These values illustrate summarizing controlled-condition data, not a diagnostic boundary. A mean alone can hide the sequence and speed of a response.
A fictional temperature record has 37.0, 37.2, 37.4 and 37.0 °C. Calculate the mean. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
A fictional temperature record has 37.0, 37.2, 37.4 and 37.0 °C. Calculate the mean.
The result is 37.15 °C. Known: a fictional record has temperatures 37.1, 37.3, 37.0 and 37.2 °C. Mean = 148.6/4 = 37.15 °C and range = 0.3 °C. These values illustrate summarizing controlled-condition data, not a diagnostic boundary. A mean alone can hide the sequence and speed of a response.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- The thermoregulatory centre is in the brain, not the skin. Skin receptors detect change while sweat glands produce a response. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction have opposite effects on blood delivery near the surface; avoid swapping their names.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
The skin is the only location where body-temperature changes are detected. This claim is false: The thermoregulatory centre is in the brain, not the skin. Skin receptors detect change while sweat glands produce a response. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction have opposite effects on blood delivery near the surface; avoid swapping their names.
Temperature control: detect hot and cold: When temperature is too low, those blood vessels constrict, called vasoconstriction, sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract repeatedly in shivering. These are coordinated responses rather than conscious choices alone. The specification connects hot-condition responses with transfer of energy from skin to the environment; the separate Higher lesson explains each mechanism in a stated context.
The skin is the only location where body-temperature changes are detected.
The thermoregulatory centre is in the brain, not the skin. Skin receptors detect change while sweat glands produce a response. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction have opposite effects on blood delivery near the surface; avoid swapping their names.
Widening of blood vessels supplying surface tissues in the temperature-control model: write the technical term.
vasodilation means Widening of blood vessels supplying surface tissues in the temperature-control model.