Emotion
Introduced| English |
|---|
| Emotion/ɪˈməʊʃn/ |
| affect/əˈfekt/ |
| James-Lange/dʒeɪmz lændʒ/ |
| Cannon-Bard/ˈkænən bɑːd/ |
| Schachter-Singer/ˈʃætʃtə ˈsɪŋə/ |
| cognitive label/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈleɪbl/ |
| Display rules/dɪˈspleɪ ruːlz/ |
| broaden-and-build theory/ˈbrɔːdn ænd bɪld ˈθɪəri/ |
| Elicitors/ɪˈlɪsɪtəz/ |
Does your heart race because you are afraid, or the reverse?
- An emotion has a bodily side and a mental side, and they arrive almost together.
- The theories differ on which comes first, and whether one causes the other.
- The order is what the exam asks about.
What an emotion is
- Emotion 情绪, or affect 情感, is a complex process distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.
- It has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components.
- That is why a purely bodily account and a purely cognitive account are both incomplete.
Select all the components of an emotion the CED names.
There is no grammatical component of emotion.
Theories of emotion
- James-Lange 詹姆斯—兰格 says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it.
- Cannon-Bard 坎农—巴德 says body and emotion occur simultaneously, neither causing the other.
- Schachter-Singer 沙赫特—辛格 two-factor theory says arousal plus a cognitive label 认知标签 produces the emotion.
Which theory of emotion?
Sort each claim by the theory that makes it.
Two-factor theory says an emotion requires...
The same arousal produces different emotions depending on how it is labelled.
James-Lange theory says the emotion comes first and produces the bodily response.
It says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it.
Do not say a culture "feels" emotions differently when the evidence is about display rules. Display rules govern when an emotion may be shown, which is a claim about expression, not about the feeling itself.
Match each theory to its ordering of body and emotion.
Two theories order body and feeling; the third explains what positive emotion does.
Broaden-and-build
- The broaden-and-build theory 拓展-建构理论 concerns positive emotions specifically.
- Positive emotional experiences tend to broaden awareness and encourage exploration.
- Over time that builds durable personal resources — the "build" half of the name.
Cultural rules governing when an emotion may be shown are called ____ rules.
Display rules govern expression, not the feeling itself.
Expression across cultures
- Research has explored whether emotional expression is universal; some expressions appear widely shared.
- Display rules 表达规则 govern when an emotion may be shown, and they differ between cultures.
- Elicitors 诱发因素 — what triggers an emotion — also differ, which is why a universal expression can still appear at different moments.
Participants injected with adrenaline reported feeling angry or amused depending on how the person beside them behaved. The arousal was identical; the cognitive label differed — which is exactly what two-factor theory predicts.
Emotion has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components. James-Lange puts the body first, Cannon-Bard makes them simultaneous, and Schachter-Singer adds a cognitive label to arousal. Broaden-and-build explains positive emotion, and display rules and elicitors differ by culture.