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GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology 주제 1 3:25 영어 내레이션 · 영어 + 중국어 자막 burned-in
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A biological explanation needs a path from a physical process to the observed behaviour.
生物学解释需要一条从物理过程到观察行为的路径。
Receptors change stimulus energy into neural signals; connected brain systems process those signals.
受体将刺激能量转化为神经信号，相连的脑系统处理这些信号。
An association in an image cannot tell us whether activity causes, follows or merely accompanies the task.
图像中的关联无法告诉我们活动是引起、跟随还是仅仅伴随任务。
Sleep also depends on both a roughly daily circadian rhythm and pressure that builds during wakefulness.
睡眠还依赖于大致每日的昼夜节律以及清醒期间积累的驱动力。
Motivation and emotion involve interacting neural, endocrine and environmental processes.
动机和情绪涉及相互作用的神经、内分泌和环境过程。
A single brain area or hormone is rarely a complete explanation.
单一脑区或激素很少能构成完整的解释。
Detailed methods are in SP.1, NE.1 and HB.1.
详细方法见SP.1、NE.1和HB.1。
Sensation concerns reception of stimulation; perception concerns interpretation.
感觉涉及对刺激的接收。 知觉涉及对刺激的解释。
They interact but are not interchangeable.
二者相互作用，但不可互换。
Signal detection separates sensitivity from the criterion for saying yes.
信号检测将敏感度与“是”的判断标准区分开来。
Expectations can change the response criterion.
期望可以改变反应标准。
Neurons communicate through electrical signals and synapses.
神经元通过电信号和突触进行交流。
A brain region’s involvement does not establish that it acts alone.
脑区参与某项功能，并不意味着该脑区是独立起作用的。
Lesion and imaging studies give different evidence.
损毁研究和成像研究提供的证据各不相同。
Consider confounds and the limits of inferring causes from associations.
需考虑混杂因素，以及从关联推断因果的局限性。
In a fictional alarm task, a bonus for reporting alarms raises hits from 60 out of 100 to 80 out of 100, and false alarms from 10 out of 100 to 30 out of 100.
在一个虚构的警报任务中，报告警报的奖励使击中数从一百次中的六十次增加到一百次中的八十次，虚报数从一百次中的十次增加到一百次中的三十次。
Does this establish improved sensitivity?
这是否说明敏感度提高了？
The hit rate rises from 60 percent to 80 percent, but the false-alarm rate also rises from 10 percent to 30 percent.
击中率从百分之六十上升到百分之八十，但虚报率也从百分之十上升到百分之三十。
A more liberal response criterion can produce both changes.
更宽松的反应标准可以同时造成这两种变化。
Hit rate alone cannot establish improved sensitivity; compare the separation of signal and noise using both rates and a suitable model.
仅凭击中率无法证明敏感度提高；应结合两个比率和合适的模型来比较信号与噪声的分离程度。
Neither the bonus nor these illustrative counts identifies a neural cause.
无论是奖励还是这些示例计数，都不能确定神经层面的原因。
Four outcomes let sensitivity be measured separately from the bias towards saying yes.
四种结果让我们把敏感度和说"是"的倾向分开衡量。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A participant sleeps little before a memory scan.
一名参与者在记忆扫描前睡眠不足。
Recall falls and one region is less active.
回忆能力下降，且某一脑区活跃度降低。
Give two competing explanations and a design improvement.
请给出两种相互竞争的解释以及一项设计改进方案。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Reduced sleep could affect memory processing, or stress/effort could affect both recall and activity.
睡眠减少可能会影响记忆处理，或者压力和努力可能同时影响回忆和活动。
Compare ethically approved sleep conditions with standardized tasks and measured confounders; randomize condition order where suitable.
将经伦理批准的睡眠条件与标准化任务及已测量的混淆因素进行比较，并在适当时随机化条件顺序。
Even then, a regional association does not establish that the region alone stores memories.
即便如此，区域间的关联也不能证明该区域单独存储了记忆。
A brain image showing activity during a task is not proof that the region alone causes the behaviour.
展示任务期间活动的脑影像，并不能证明该区域单独导致了该行为。
State the source and the limits.
请说明数据来源及局限性。
A brain lesion and a poor memory score occur together.
脑损伤与较差的记忆分数同时出现。
What comparison would strengthen a claim about the affected system?
哪种比较能加强关于受损系统的论断？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。