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피어슨 에덱셀 · International GCSE · Economics 주제 4 4:36 영어 내레이션 · 영어 + 중국어 자막 burned-in
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This topic follows production from the factors that make it, through productivity, to the revenues, costs and profit of a firm, and how average cost changes as a firm grows.
本主题追踪生产过程：从投入的生产要素，到生产率，再到企业的收入、成本和利润，以及企业扩大时平均成本如何变化。
The four factors of production.
四种生产要素。
Land is natural resources.
土地是自然资源。
Labour is human effort.
劳动是人的努力。
Capital is man-made aids to production.
资本是人造的生产工具。
Enterprise is the risk-taking organiser.
企业家才能是承担风险的组织者。
The primary sector extracts: farming, fishing, mining.
第一产业从事开采：农业、渔业、采矿。
The secondary sector manufactures and builds.
第二产业从事制造和建筑。
The tertiary sector provides services.
第三产业提供服务。
As economies develop, employment and output shift from primary to secondary to tertiary.
随着经济发展，就业和产出从第一产业转向第二产业，再转向第三产业。
Productivity is output per unit of input; for labour, items per worker-hour.
生产率是每单位投入的产出；对劳动来说，就是每工时的产量。
Output per worker-hour rises from 8 to 10.
每工时产量从 8 增加到 10。
The change is 2, divided by the original 8, times 100: productivity rose 25 percent.
变化量 2 除以原来的 8，再乘以100：生产率提高了百分之 25。
Productivity can rise through each factor.
每种要素都能提高生产率。
Land: fertiliser, drainage, irrigation and reclamation.
土地：施肥、排水、灌溉和围垦。
Labour: education and training build human capital.
劳动：教育和培训积累人力资本。
Capital: more of it, and technological advances.
资本：更多的资本和技术进步。
The division of labour is specialisation: each worker repeats one task.
劳动分工就是专业化：每个工人重复同一项任务。
Workers become quick, less time is lost switching tasks, and training is cheaper.
工人变得熟练，换任务浪费的时间少，培训也更便宜。
But the work becomes boring, skills narrow, and one hold-up stops the whole line.
但工作变得枯燥，技能变窄，一个环节出问题就会让整条生产线停下来。
Average revenue is the demand curve: P equals 70 minus Q over 2.
平均收入就是需求曲线：P 等于 70 减 Q 的一半。
Marginal revenue falls twice as fast: 70 minus Q.
边际收入下降的速度是它的两倍：70 减 Q。
At 40 units and a price of 50, TR is 2000.
在 40 件、价格 50 时，总收入为 2000。
TR peaks at 2450 where Q is 70, the point where MR reaches zero.
当 Q 为 70、边际收入降到零时，总收入达到最大值 2450。
Total fixed cost is 12.
总固定成本是 12。
At an output of 7, total variable cost is 26, so total cost is 38.
产量为 7 时，总可变成本为 26，所以总成本为 38。
Average total cost is 38 divided by 7: 5.43, the lowest on the table.
平均总成本等于 38 除以 7，即 5.43，是表中最低值。
Average variable cost is 26 over 7: 3.71.
平均可变成本等于 26 除以 7，即 3.71。
Marginal cost falls from 5 to 2, then rises to 7: specialisation first, diminishing returns later.
边际成本从 5 降到 2，然后升到 7：先是专业化的好处，后是收益递减。
AVC is lowest at 3.4, at 5 units.
平均可变成本在 5 件时最低，为 3.4。
ATC is lowest at 5.43, at 7 units.
平均总成本在 7 件时最低，为 5.43。
The two averages converge as output grows.
随着产量增加，两条平均成本曲线逐渐靠近。
Internal economies of scale arise inside the firm.
内部规模经济产生于企业内部。
Purchasing: bulk buying.
采购：大批量购买。
Marketing: advertising spread over more units.
营销：广告费分摊到更多产品上。
Technical: larger machines.
技术：更大的机器。
Financial: cheaper borrowing.
财务：借款更便宜。
Managerial: specialist managers.
管理：专业经理。
Risk bearing: a wider product range.
风险分担：产品种类更多。
External economies are industry-wide: skilled labour in the area, infrastructure, access to suppliers, and similar businesses clustering.
外部规模经济是整个行业层面的：当地有熟练劳动力、基础设施、便于接触供应商、同类企业集聚。
Diseconomies of scale raise average cost: bureaucracy, communication problems, lack of control, and distance between managers and workers.
规模不经济使平均成本上升：官僚作风、沟通问题、失去控制、管理层与工人之间距离远。
The LRAC diagram shows internal economies of scale on the falling section, the most efficient point at the minimum of long-run average cost, and diseconomies of scale on the rising section.
长期平均成本图中，下降的部分表示内部规模经济，最低点是最有效率的产量，上升的部分表示规模不经济。
BYD's sales rose from 3.0 to 4.3 million: about 43 percent.
比亚迪的销量从 300 万辆增加到 430 万辆：约增长百分之 43。
From the table, average cost is total cost over output.
根据表格，平均成本等于总成本除以产量。
At 1 million cars it is 25,000 dollars, at 3 million 22,000, and at 4.3 million 20,000.
100 万辆时为 25,000美元，300 万辆时为 22,000 美元，430 万辆时为 20,000 美元。
Average cost falls as output rises: economies of scale.
平均成本随产量上升而下降：规模经济。
Large firms can be more efficient: economies of scale lowered cost from 25,000 to 20,000 dollars a car.
大企业可能更有效率：规模经济使每辆车的成本从 25,000 美元降到 20,000 美元。
But not always: past a certain size diseconomies raise cost, small firms are flexible, and some markets are too small.
但并非总是如此：超过一定规模后，规模不经济会推高成本；小企业更灵活；有些市场太小。
Judgement: large firms win where fixed costs are high and markets are mass, as in car making.
判断：在固定成本高、市场规模大的行业（如汽车制造），大企业更有优势。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Productivity from 8 to 10 is a 25 percent rise.
生产率从 8 到 10 是提高百分之 25。
ATC at 7 units is 38 over 7: 5.43.
7 件时的平均总成本为 38 除以 7，即 5.43。
Two internal economies are purchasing and technical.
两种内部规模经济是采购和技术。
And a diseconomy is communication problems.
规模不经济的一个例子是沟通问题。