소비자 surplus와生产者 surplus
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| consumer surplus/kənˈsuːmə ˈsɜːpləs/ | 소비자 ErrorMessage |
| producer surplus/prəˈdjuːsə ˈsɜːpləs/ | 생산자余분 |
A decision you can investigate
- A buyer would pay more than the market price; a seller would accept less.
- The transaction creates gains on both sides, even though only one market price is paid.
Build the explanation
- Consumer surplus 消费者剩余 is willingness to pay minus actual payment, summed across purchased units. Producer surplus 生产者剩余 is receipts above the minimum required to supply those units. On linear diagrams they can be triangle areas, but not every curve produces a triangle.
- These are gains from trade under the model. Producer surplus is not automatically accounting profit because fixed costs and the time period matter. Consumer surplus is not a cash refund.
Work through the evidence
- Use Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P. Inverse demand intercepts price 60; inverse supply begins at 0. Equilibrium is P=30,Q=60. CS=½ × (60−30) × 60=900; PS=½ × (30−0) × 60=900 currency units.
- Demand shifts to Qd=160−2P, with intercept 80. New equilibrium P=40,Q=80 gives CS=½ × (80−40) × 80=1600 and PS=½ × 40 × 80=1600. Consumers pay a higher price yet surplus rises in this particular case because willingness to pay and quantity changed too.
초기 소비자盈余(소비자 여유)는 얼마입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
삼각형의 면적은 ½ × 30 × 60입니다.
지정된 수요 변화 후의 소비자盈余(소비자 여유)는 얼마입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
새로운 높이는 80−40=40이며, 밑변은 80입니다. 두 값을 곱한 결과의 절반을 구합니다.
소비자余裕(소비자 여유)는 판매자가 구매자에게 환불하는 금액입니다.
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이는 환불이 아닌, 지불액보다 높은 평가액을 측정합니다.
Test the limits
- A higher price alone, with the original demand curve unchanged, usually reduces consumer surplus. The shift case has a different demand schedule, so a price-only comparison is incomplete.
- Adding CS and PS is not a complete social-welfare measure when third-party effects or distributional values matter. Demand represents willingness and ability to pay; limited incomes can affect the measured valuation.
생산자盈余(생산자 여유)가 항상 이윤이 아닌 이유는 무엇입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
측정 방식은 동일한 기간에 동일한 비용을 차감할 필요는 없습니다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does the higher price after the demand shift not by itself prove lower consumer surplus?
- The demand curve and purchased quantity also changed, so the whole surplus area must be recalculated.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Use the terms precisely
- consumer surplus: Total willingness to pay above the payment for units purchased.
- producer surplus: Receipts above the minimum required to supply the units sold.
Use Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P. Inverse demand intercepts price 60; inverse supply begins at 0. Equilibrium is P=30,Q=60. CS=½ × (60−30) × 60=900; PS=½ × (30−0) × 60=900 currency units. Demand shifts to Qd=160−2P, with intercept 80. New equilibrium P=40,Q=80 gives CS=½ × (80−40) × 80=1600 and PS=½ × 40 × 80=1600. Consumers pay a higher price yet surplus rises in this particular case because willingness to pay and quantity changed too.
A higher price alone, with the original demand curve unchanged, usually reduces consumer surplus. The shift case has a different demand schedule, so a price-only comparison is incomplete. Adding CS and PS is not a complete social-welfare measure when third-party effects or distributional values matter. Demand represents willingness and ability to pay; limited incomes can affect the measured valuation.
Consumer surplus is willingness to pay minus actual payment, summed across purchased units. Producer surplus is receipts above the minimum required to supply those units. On linear diagrams they can be triangle areas, but not every curve produces a triangle.