Classification, domains and evolutionary trees
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| binomial name/baɪˈnəʊmɪəl neɪm/ | 이명법 |
| domain/dəˈmeɪn/ | 영역 |
What would explain this observation?
- Two organisms can look similar without being the closest relatives. New evidence from cells and chemistry can revise their classification.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Linnaeus classified organisms using structure and characteristics. The traditional hierarchy is kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Binomial names 双名 use genus and species: for example, Homo sapiens. The genus begins with a capital and the species name with lower case; the complete scientific name is normally italicised.
- binomial name: A scientific name consisting of genus and species; domain 域: A broad classification group in the three-domain system.
Which pair forms a binomial name?
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The binomial system names a species by its genus then its species epithet, as in Homo sapiens. Kingdom, class, phylum and family are higher ranks that play no part in the two-part name.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
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Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- Improved microscopy revealed internal structures and biochemical analysis provided further relationship evidence. Woese’s three-domain system separates archaea, bacteria and eukaryota; eukaryota includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. The specification describes archaea using older primitive-bacteria wording and extreme habitats; treat archaea as a separate domain rather than all bacteria or a claim that every archaeon lives in an extreme habitat.
- Use a supplied classification table to identify the most specific shared group. On an evolutionary tree, find the most recent shared branch point to compare relationships. Living-organism classification data and fossil evidence inform these trees. Rotating branches around a node does not change the relationships, and tip order alone is not an evolutionary sequence.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
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Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: a supplied group contains 12 plants, 8 fungi and 10 animals, all assigned to eukaryota. Total = 30; fungi comprise 8/30×100 = 26.7% to one decimal place. This sample percentage does not measure the global proportions of domains or kingdoms.
A supplied eukaryote sample has 15 plants, 9 fungi and 6 animals. Find the fungal percentage. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
A supplied eukaryote sample has 15 plants, 9 fungi and 6 animals. Find the fungal percentage.
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The result is 30 %. Known: 15 plants, 9 fungi and 6 animals. Total = 30. Fungal percentage = 9/30 x 100 = 30%. This sample share says nothing about global proportions.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- A binomial name has two parts, not all seven hierarchy ranks. Archaea and bacteria are separate domains in this system. An evolutionary tree does not say that a living species at one tip must be the direct ancestor of a living species at another tip.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
All archaea belong to the bacterial domain in the three-domain system. This claim is false: In the three-domain system, archaea ARE their own domain, separate from bacteria. Grouping them together is the older two-prokaryote view the system replaced.
Classification, domains and evolutionary trees: Improved microscopy revealed internal structures and biochemical analysis provided further relationship evidence. Woese’s three-domain system separates archaea, bacteria and eukaryota; eukaryota includes protists, fungi, plants and animals. The specification describes archaea using older primitive-bacteria wording and extreme habitats; treat archaea as a separate domain rather than all bacteria or a claim that every archaeon lives in an extreme habitat.
All archaea belong to the bacterial domain in the three-domain system.
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In the three-domain system, archaea ARE their own domain, separate from bacteria. Grouping them together is the older two-prokaryote view the system replaced.
A scientific name consisting of genus and species: write the technical term.
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binomial name means A scientific name consisting of genus and species.