Four powers a centralised state claimed
- New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
- Four powers: tax, force, justice, religion — and each had previously been shared with nobles, towns or the Church.
- So centralisation is a transfer of specific functions, which makes it measurable rather than vague.
CED가 명명한 네 가지 독점권을 모두 선택하시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각각은 이전에는 귀족, 도시 또는 교회와 공유되어 왔다.
Reform from the top down
- Monarchs and princes, including the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.
- The CED's phrase from the top down distinguishes this from the popular reform movements of unit 2.
- So a ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story before it is a theological one.
CED의 군주 종교 개혁 표현은 ____ 아래에서 유래했다.
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이는 단원 2의 대중 운동과 구별되는 특징이다.
New people in politics
- Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs.
- A monarch who needs revenue and trained administrators will find both outside the nobility.
- So centralisation and the rise of commercial groups are the same process seen from two sides.
어떤 권력이 주장되고 있는가?
각 발전 사항을 CED의 네 가지 독점권으로 분류하시오.
상업 및 전문 집단은 군주가... 때문에 권력을 얻었다.
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집중화와 그들의 부상은 서로 다른 측면에서 본 동일한 과정이다.
A ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story first. The CED says monarchs initiated reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality — the theology matters, but the objective here is about the power the reform transferred.
집중화가 가장 성공한 곳에서 근세 국가에 대한 새로운 개념이 등장했다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
CED는 이를 이탈리아의 지속적인 정치적 분열 속에 위치시킨다.
Italy went the other way
- Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.
- Where no monarch could centralise, thinkers analysed power as it actually worked between competing states.
- So the theory of the secular state emerged where centralisation failed, which is a useful irony to be able to state.
각 원인을 그것이 생성한 기관과 매칭하시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
집중화는 특정 기능의 이양이므로 측정 가능하다.
Causes and effects of institutions
- The objective is the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
- Causes: war finance, the need for administration, and the opportunity religious reform created.
- Effects: standing revenue, professional officials, and the varying degrees of centralisation from 1.1.
Before, a subject could be taxed by a lord, tried in a church court and told what to believe by a bishop appointed abroad. Afterwards, one authority claims all three. Nothing about daily life need look different on the first morning, and the constitutional change is total.
New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by claiming monopolies on tax collection, military force, justice and the right to determine subjects' religion. Monarchs initiated religious reform from the top down to control religious life and morality. Commercial and professional groups gained political power, while Italy's continued fragmentation produced new concepts of the secular state.