| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| credibility/ˌkredɪˈbɪlɪti/ | 신뢰성 |
| refute/rɪˈfjuːt/ | 반박하다 |
| rebut/rɪˈbʌt/ | 거부하다 |
| concede/kənˈsiːd/ | 양보하다 |
Nobody argues first
- Every subject worth arguing about has been argued about already.
- Effectively entering into an ongoing conversation means engaging the positions that have already been considered.
- A text that ignores them is not neutral — it reads as not knowing they exist.
Joining an argument without reading earlier replies is like asking “What happened?” just after everyone explained it.
반박과 반증의 차이는 반증이...임을 나타냅니다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
반박은 무효성을 제안할 뿐; 반증은 입증합니다.
Three different moves, three different costs
- Writers enhance their credibility 可信度 when they refute, rebut or concede opposing arguments.
- They are not synonyms and they do not cost the same.
- Which one a writer chose tells you what evidence they had.
CED가 언급하는 양보의 모든 경로를 선택하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
세 번째 경로는 상대방과 전혀 관련이 없습니다.
Concede
- To concede 让步 is to accept all or part of a competing claim as correct, to agree it is correct under different circumstances, or to acknowledge the limitations of your own argument.
- Three routes, and the third does not concern the opponent at all.
- Conceding costs nothing but the claim you gave up — and buys the reader's trust.
양보, 반박, 아니면 반증?
작가가 반대 주장을 어떻게 다루는지 based(에 따라) 각 전략을 분류하시오.
evidence(證據)와 sources(출처)는 작가의 주장을 either support(지원), complement(보완), 또는 ____합니다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
인용된 출처가 작가의 편인지 가정하기 전에 먼저 확인하십시오.
Rebut and refute are not the same move. A rebuttal proposes that a claim is invalid by offering a contrasting perspective or alternative evidence; a refutation demonstrates it with evidence. Calling a rebuttal a refutation credits the writer with proof they never produced.
반론이 없는 텍스트라면 작가는 실수를 한 것입니다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
CED는 모든 논증이 명시적으로 반론을 다룬다는 것은 아니라고 밝힙니다.
Rebut and refute
- To rebut 反驳 is to offer a contrasting perspective, or alternative evidence, to propose that a competing claim is invalid.
- To refute 驳倒 is to demonstrate, using evidence, that it is invalid.
- Rebutting proposes; refuting demonstrates — so refuting needs evidence a rebuttal does not.
각 전략이 작가에게 costing(비용)하는 것을 매칭하시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
작가가 선택한 전략이 그가 어떤 evidence(证据)를 가졌는지 알려줍니다.
Reading the move
- Transitions may be used to introduce counterarguments — admittedly, of course, it is true that, critics argue.
- But not all arguments explicitly address a counterargument, so their absence is not proof of an oversight.
- And evidence and sources will either support, complement or contradict a writer's thesis — check which, before assuming it supports.
"Critics say the scheme is costly. It is" — concedes. "Critics say it is costly, but the same critics accept far larger sums elsewhere" — rebuts by contrasting perspective. "The published accounts show the cost is one-third of the figure critics use" — refutes, with evidence.
Concede = accept all or part, or under different circumstances, or admit your own limits. Rebut = propose invalidity via a contrasting perspective or alternative evidence. Refute = demonstrate invalidity with evidence. Transitions introduce counterarguments, but not all arguments address one.