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6.1
动词 + 宾语 + 了 — advanced 了 placement

완료 (completed / change)了le는 verb动词dòng cí 바로 뒤에도, object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ 바로 뒤에도 올 수 있으며, 어떤 것을 선택할지는 object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ의 길이에 달려 있습니다. 짧은 object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ라면 둘 다 가능하지만, long object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ라면 듣는 사람이 (completed / change)了le를 기다리게 하지 않도록 verb动词dòng cí 바로 뒤에 (completed / change)了le를 두어야 합니다. (completed / change)了le는 또한 "A를 한 후 B를 한다"는 미래 순서를 연결할 수도 있습니다.

구조: Subject + Verb + 了 + Object · Subject + Verb + Object + 了

I我wǒtoday今天jīn tiānsaw见jiàn了lean一个yí geold friend老朋友lǎo péng you。

I saw an old friend today. → 오늘 오랜 친구를 만났어. (object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ short: to appear见jiàn(completed / change)了le一个yí gèold friend老朋友lǎo péng yǒu)

you你nǐget到dào了lehome家jiā给gěime我wǒcall打电话dǎ diàn huà。

Call me once you've got home. → 집에 도착하면 나한테 전화해. (here这里zhè lǐ implied future sequence context for (completed / change)了le usage explanation, though sentence itself uses one / a一yī...then / just就jiù structure. For (completed / change)了le placement example matching text: I / me我wǒto / arrive到dào(completed / change)了lehome家jiāthen / just就jiùto / for / give给gěiyou你nǐto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà would fit better as a direct example of V+(completed / change)了le+O+then / just就jiù..., but sticking to translation: 집에 도착(completed / change)了le이후엔 나한테 전화해. or simply translating the meaning while noting the grammar point applies to similar structures.) → Actually, let's translate faithfully: 네가 집에 도착(completed / change)了le（back后hòu）to / for / give给gěiI / me我wǒto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà(suggestion)吧ba. But simpler: perfect到家dào jiā(completed / change)了lethen / just就jiùto / for / give给gěiI / me我wǒto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà(suggestion)吧ba.

Remember: short object → (completed / change)了le either side; LONG object → (completed / change)了le right after the verb (to appear见jiàn(completed / change)了le一个yí gè很久没hěn jiǔ méito appear见jiàn(modifier / structural particle)的deold friend老朋友lǎo péng yǒu — don't make the listener wait for the (completed / change)了le). And V(completed / change)了leOthen / just就jiù… chains two future actions: down下xià(completed / change)了lesubject课kèthen / just就jiùto go去qùto try to find找zhǎoyou你nǐ ("come find you after class").

Watch out

modifier가 붙은 긴 object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ에는 object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ 뒤에 (completed / change)了le를 두면 어색하게 들립니다 — verb动词dòng cí 위에 두세요.
6.2
动词 + 了 + 补语 — advanced 了 with complements

complement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ that follows the verb, (completed / change)了le usually goes after the complement (variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le, to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le). Wedging it between the verb and complement (station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái) is more written, and limited mostly to direction complements.

Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement + 了 · (rarer) Subject + Verb + 了 + Complement

the tickets票piàosold卖màiout光guāng了le。

The tickets are sold out. → 티켓이 다 팔렸(completed / change)了le. (卖光mài guāng(completed / change)了le)

he他tāstood站zhàn了leup起来qǐ lái。

He stood up. → 일어섰(completed / change)了le. (station站zhànto rise起qǐto come来lái(completed / change)了le — Note: station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái puts (completed / change)了le between verb and complement here as per text's 'written/direction' exception, but standard spoken Chinese often prefers station站zhàn(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái(completed / change)了le. The text says wedging is written. Let's follow text's nuance: station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái implies the written form mentioned, but for natural translation: 일어섰어. or 일어나(completed / change)了le.) → Text specifically mentions station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái as the 'wedged' example. Translation: 일어섰(completed / change)了le. (or station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái as literal grammar note). Let's go with natural Korean: 일어섰어. but acknowledging the grammar point. Actually, just translate the sentence: 일어섰어.

Remember: default: (completed / change)了le AFTER the complement (variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le, 卖光mài guāng(completed / change)了le). (completed / change)了le between verb and complement is the exception — mostly direction complements (station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái, to run跑pǎo(completed / change)了lesee 过来过来guò lái), and more written.

Watch out

variant of 吃吃chī(completed / change)了leto finish完wán is wrong — the (completed / change)了le sits after the whole verb-complement: variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le.
6.3
话题 + 嘛 — topic-marking 嘛

주제the back后面hòu miàn의 입자 (obviously)嘛ma는 주제를 명시한 후 Commentary를 할 수 있게 합니다 — "as for …, well, …"에 해당합니다. Commentary는 종종 self-evident한 것으로 간주되는 내용입니다 — 부드러운 "well, obviously…" 느낌.

Structure: Topic + 嘛，Comment

the first time第一次dì yī cì嘛malater，以后yǐ hòu就jiùget the hang of it会huì了le。

처음이라서 곧 익숙해질 거예요.

a brand name名牌míng pái嘛masurely，一定yí dìngnot不bùcheap便宜pián yi。

Well, it's a brand name — it's bound to be pricey. → *네, 브랜드 이름이니까 비쌀 수밖에 없지.(obviously)嘛ma (brand name品牌pǐn pái(obviously)嘛ma). → 브랜드 이름이니까 비쌀 수밖에 없지.

Remember: (obviously)嘛ma = "well, obviously…" — 주제를 표시하고 Commentary를 상식(sense)으로 framing합니다 (famous brand名牌míng pái(obviously)嘛ma — "it's a brand name, what do you expect"). "Isn't it clear?" softener.

Watch out

(obviously)嘛ma의 발음은 "obvious / reasonable"입니다. 질문 (yes/no ?)吗ma와 혼동하지 마십시오.
6.4
…… 呢？ — softening a question

(and …? / softener)呢ne는 질문을 부드럽게 하고 더 musing or reflective하게 만듭니다 — 거의 "(I wonder) …?"에 해당합니다. or / still还是hái shì 다음, 의문사 다음, 또는 V-not不bù-V 질문 뒤에 사용됩니다.

Structure: Question + 呢？

he他tāwent去qùwhere哪儿nǎr了le呢ne？

Where's he gone, I wonder? → *어디 갔을까?(and …? / softener)呢ne?

this这zhèis是shìwhose谁shéi的depen笔bǐ呢ne？

Whose pen is this, I wonder? → *이 필은who谁shéi(modifier / structural particle)的de(modifier / structural particle)的de(and …? / softener)呢ne?

기억하세요: 이 (and …? / softener)呢ne = 부드러운 의아해하는 느낌의 "(나만?)…" — 질문어 / or / still还是hái shì / V-not不bù-V 구문에 경계를 부드럽게 만들어주며, 종종 스스로에게 묻는 듯한 뉘앙스를 띱니다. 날카로운 where哪儿nǎrto go去qù(completed / change)了le?보다 훨씬 부드럽습니다.

Watch out

예/아니요 질문을 만들지는 않습니다 (그것은 (yes/no ?)吗ma); 기존 질문에 붙어 다닙니다.