環境介入手段の選択。
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| regulation/ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 規制 |
| pollution permit/pəˈluːʃn ˈpɜːmɪt/ | 排出権 |
A decision you can investigate
- Two factories discharge waste into a shared stream. One can reduce discharge cheaply; the other must replace expensive machinery.
- A rule can set the aim, but its design changes the cost of meeting it.
Build the explanation
- A tax charges for a polluting activity and changes incentives. A subsidy can support cleaner methods. Regulation 监管规定 sets a requirement; a fine penalizes a breach. Tradable pollution permits cap allowed emissions and let firms trade permission.
- A cap controls total permitted emissions if it is enforced; trading lets lower-cost reducers sell permits. A tax makes the charge explicit but does not guarantee a fixed quantity reduction.
Work through the evidence
- Factory A can remove a unit of discharge for 20 yuan and B for 60. A permit priced at 40 gives A an incentive to reduce and sell unused permission; B may prefer buying permission to a 60-yuan reduction.
- A can save resources relative to forcing both to make the same costly reduction. This reasoning assumes valid measurement, a credible cap and a functioning trading system.
許可価格40において、どの工場が1単位の削減に安価なインセンティブを持つか。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Aは20で削減し、取引条件に基づき40価値の許可証を売却できる。
Test the limits
- A fine matters through both its amount and the chance of detection. A large fine rarely enforced may change little. Subsidies need funding and may reward improvements that would occur anyway.
- Permit allocation affects distribution, and local pollution hotspots can remain even if total emissions fall. Compare the exact harm, measurement, enforcement, cost and access to cleaner alternatives.
罰金と汚染税の違いは何か。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
両方とも実施が必要だが、その発動条件は異なる。
補助金は、公的財政に負担をかけながら、より清潔な生産を支援できる。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
インセンティブを変化させることがありますが、資金調達と対象指定が必要です。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why might permits lower the cost of achieving an emissions cap?
- Firms with cheaper reductions can reduce more and trade permits with firms facing higher reduction costs.
どの制約が許可の有効性と直接関連していますか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
監視がない場合、排出量上限は実際の排出量を抑制できない可能性があります。
Use the terms precisely
- pollution permit 排污许可证: Permission for a specified amount of emissions under a controlled system.
- regulation: A rule setting requirements or limits on behaviour.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語はこの授業で扱う特定のメカニズムを説明している。
Factory A can remove a unit of discharge for 20 yuan and B for 60. A permit priced at 40 gives A an incentive to reduce and sell unused permission; B may prefer buying permission to a 60-yuan reduction. A can save resources relative to forcing both to make the same costly reduction. This reasoning assumes valid measurement, a credible cap and a functioning trading system.
A fine matters through both its amount and the chance of detection. A large fine rarely enforced may change little. Subsidies need funding and may reward improvements that would occur anyway. Permit allocation affects distribution, and local pollution hotspots can remain even if total emissions fall. Compare the exact harm, measurement, enforcement, cost and access to cleaner alternatives.
A tax charges for a polluting activity and changes incentives. A subsidy can support cleaner methods. Regulation sets a requirement; a fine penalizes a breach. Tradable pollution permits cap allowed emissions and let firms trade permission.