価格制限、税制および補助金選択
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| binding price ceiling/ˈbaɪndɪŋ praɪs ˈsiːlɪŋ/ | 有効な最高価格制限 |
| guaranteed minimum price/ˌɡærənˈtiːd ˈmɪnɪməm praɪs/ | 最低保証価格 |
A decision you can investigate
- A low legal maximum may make a listed price affordable while leaving too few units available. A guaranteed minimum may support producers while requiring public purchases.
- The price rule and how it is enforced determine the outcome.
Build the explanation
- A maximum price below equilibrium can create excess demand; a minimum above equilibrium can create excess supply. A non-binding limit does not change the competitive equilibrium. Rationing, queues, quality changes or informal markets may follow; a posted low price does not ensure access.
- A guaranteed minimum differs from a legal floor without purchases: the government may buy surplus to sustain the price. Storage, disposal and incentives to produce then matter. A specific tax is fixed per unit; an ad-valorem tax is a percentage of a stated value. A subsidy may lower the buyer price and raise the supplier receipt. Use the earlier two-price incidence models rather than assuming who legally pays receives the whole burden or benefit.
Work through the evidence
- For Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P, equilibrium isP 30,Q 60. A maximumP 20 gives Qd 80,Qs 40: shortage 40, with at most 40 units supplied under the static model. A guaranteed minimumP 40 gives Qd 40,Qs 80: surplus 40. If government buys all surplus at 40, expenditure=40 ×40=1600; consumers buy 40 and government buys 40.
- A specific tax of 3 on a unit priced 20 is 15% of that value; a 10% ad-valorem tax is 2 at value 20 but 3 at value 30. A corrective tax should respond to the marginal external harm, not simply reproduce the same percentage for every context. In the earlier constant-MEC 20 production case, a specific tax 20 can move private output from 40 toward the modeled social 30.
価格20の上限下でモデル化された不足量はどれか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
需要80から供給40を引くと、40となる。
政府が保証価格40で全余剰分を購入するために支出するのはいくらか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
40で40単位の余剰を購入するが、全80単位ではない。
すべての法定価格上限は必ず不足を引き起こす。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
規制されていない均衡点以上にある最大値は、拘束力を持たない可能性がある。
Test the limits
- A housing rent ceiling can help sitting tenants while reducing maintenance or new supply, depending on rules and elasticities. Energy or transport price caps can protect users but may weaken conservation incentives or require funded supplier compensation. Agricultural or commodity guarantees can stabilize producer receipts while encouraging surplus and costly storage.
- Health or education subsidies may address external benefits or access, but eligibility, opportunity cost and provider capacity matter. Compare targeted transfers, provision or regulation where appropriate. A floor without a purchasing guarantee need not result in 80 units actually sold.
從価税（アドバローム税）を説明するのはどれか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
その額は明示された価値基準に応じて変動する。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why is 1600 a government purchase cost rather than the total social cost of the minimum-price policy?
- It records money spent on the 40 surplus units; storage, opportunity costs, distribution and net social gains/losses require separate analysis.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
Use the terms precisely
- binding price ceiling 有约束力的最高限价: A maximum below the otherwise-clearing price, restricting legal price adjustment.
- guaranteed minimum price 保证最低价格: A supported minimum at which eligible supply is purchased under the stated guarantee.
For Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P, equilibrium isP 30,Q 60. A maximumP 20 gives Qd 80,Qs 40: shortage 40, with at most 40 units supplied under the static model. A guaranteed minimumP 40 gives Qd 40,Qs 80: surplus 40. If government buys all surplus at 40, expenditure=40 ×40=1600; consumers buy 40 and government buys 40. A specific tax of 3 on a unit priced 20 is 15% of that value; a 10% ad-valorem tax is 2 at value 20 but 3 at value 30. A corrective tax should respond to the marginal external harm, not simply reproduce the same percentage for every context. In the earlier constant-MEC 20 production case, a specific tax 20 can move private output from 40 toward the modeled social 30.
A housing rent ceiling can help sitting tenants while reducing maintenance or new supply, depending on rules and elasticities. Energy or transport price caps can protect users but may weaken conservation incentives or require funded supplier compensation. Agricultural or commodity guarantees can stabilize producer receipts while encouraging surplus and costly storage. Health or education subsidies may address external benefits or access, but eligibility, opportunity cost and provider capacity matter. Compare targeted transfers, provision or regulation where appropriate. A floor without a purchasing guarantee need not result in 80 units actually sold.
A maximum price below equilibrium can create excess demand; a minimum above equilibrium can create excess supply. A non-binding limit does not change the competitive equilibrium. Rationing, queues, quality changes or informal markets may follow; a posted low price does not ensure access.