適応：特徴、効果、および環境上の利点
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| adaptation/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | 適応 |
| extremophile/ekˈstreməfaɪl/ | 極限微生物 |
What would explain this observation?
- A thick fur coat has a different value in a cold habitat and a hot one. An adaptation 适应性 explanation needs the environmental condition as well as the feature.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Adaptations are features that help organisms survive in conditions where they normally live. Structural adaptations concern body features, behavioural adaptations concern actions and functional adaptations concern biological processes. A supplied desert-plant example might have a reduced leaf surface limiting water loss; the explanation must connect that feature to scarce water.
- adaptation: A feature helping survival in the organism’s normal environment; extremophile 极端微生物: An organism living in conditions extreme for many organisms.
構造的特徴とそれによる利益を結びつける説明はどれか。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
適応の真の説明は、特徴→効果→利益の因果関係を結ぶものである。小さな葉は水分損失が少ないため、乾燥環境で生存に役立つ。円環的な説明（「そこに住むから役に立つ」）や絶対的な主張は、何も説明しない。
各専門用語を正確な意味と対応させよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
関連する物理量やプロセスを区別するために定義を使用せよ。
Choose evidence that can test it
- Some organisms live in extreme temperature, pressure or salt concentrations and are called extremophiles. The specification includes bacteria living near deep-sea vents. Extreme is relative to the usual conditions for many organisms, not a statement that no life can function there. Adaptations do not guarantee survival under every change.
- For an unfamiliar organism, read the supplied feature and habitat and write feature → effect → advantage. Classify the adaptation using the evidence, allowing that one description can include more than one kind. Use pictures or prepared material; do not expose animals or people to stressful environments.
この場合、調査やモデルをより妥当にする2つの習慣は何か。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
条件や仮定を明記することで他者が正確に再現でき、根拠となる証拠を記録することで結論を検証できます。相反する結果を隠すと、誤った結論を疑う証拠を失いますし、単一の測定でより広い主張を成立させることはできません。
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: two fictional leaf models lose 12 and 8 water units over the same interval. Reduction in the second model is (12−8)/12×100 = 33.3% to one decimal place. A controlled model helps test an effect, but a real plant also depends on roots, stomata and environmental conditions.
Model water loss falls from 20 to 15 units. Calculate percentage reduction. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
モデルの水分蒸散量が20から15単位へ減少しました。減少率（パーセンテージ）を計算しなさい。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
結果は 25 %である。既知：水分損失が 20 単位から 15 単位に減少。減少量 = 20 - 15 = 5 単位。減少率 = 5/20 × 100 = 25%。モデルの結果は、条件が一致した際のメカニズムを裏付ける。
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Saying an organism is adapted because it lives there repeats the observation without explaining it. Functional means a biological process, not simply that a shape is useful. An extremophile is not necessarily an organism from every extreme environment.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
An adaptation guarantees survival in every possible environment. This claim is false: An adaptation suits the environment in which it evolved. A desert adaptation can be a liability in a wetland - no single feature guarantees survival everywhere.
Adaptations: feature, effect and environmental advantage: Some organisms live in extreme temperature, pressure or salt concentrations and are called extremophiles. The specification includes bacteria living near deep-sea vents. Extreme is relative to the usual conditions for many organisms, not a statement that no life can function there. Adaptations do not guarantee survival under every change.
適応はあらゆる可能な環境での生存を保証する。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
適応は進化した環境に適応している。砂漠での適応は湿地では不利になることもあり、一つの形質がどこでも生存を保証するわけではない。
生物の通常の環境での生存を助ける特徴：専門用語を記せ。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
適応とは、生物の通常の環境での生存を助ける特徴を意味する。